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Repozytoria RCIN
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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
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INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
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INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
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INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
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INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
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INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
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INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
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INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
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SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
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MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
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INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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- Stratygrafia radarowa jest metodą interpretacji danych georadarowych zebranych na potrzeby badania budowy osadów klastycznych. Jej zastosowanie umożliwia przeprowadzenie obiektywnej interpretacji danych i prezentację wyników w sposób ilościowy. Metoda ta dostarcza informacji na temat architektury osadów o wysokiej rozdzielczości (rzędu decymetrów), które pozwalają na wyciągnięcie wniosków na temat procesów przebiegających w chwili depozycji. Ponieważ budowa osadów ma nieodłącznie charakter przestrzenny, ważną zaletą stratygrafii radarowej jest możliwość dokonania klasyfikacji i interpretacji środowiskowej facji na podstawie danych trójwymiarowych. Takie dane dostarczają wysokorozdzielczych informacji na temat cyklicznych procesów erozji i depozycji, nieosiągalnych za pomocą tradycyjnych metod, takich jak wiercenia, płytkie wkopy czy odsłonięcia. Autorzy zwięźle prezentują historię i założenia stratygrafii radarowej oraz na przykładzie ze środowiska rzecznego demonstrują zalety zastosowania jej do danych 3D w procesie interpretacji rozkładu facji osadowych.
- Strefa cofki zbiornika zaporowego to fragment dna doliny rzeki powyżej zbiornika zaporowego zalewany wodą podczas stanów wyższych niż jego normalny/średni poziom piętrzenia (tzw. zjawisko cofki). Oddziaływanie cofki na procesy fluwialne może wywoływać długookresowe zaburzenia w funkcjonowaniu abiotycznych i biotycznych elementów systemu fluwialnego, ponieważ wielkość i czas trwania zalewów wody związanych z cofką są większe niż te wynikające z naturalnego reżimu rzeki. Dotychczasowe prace pokazują, że oddziaływanie cofki na rzekę żwirodenną powoduje wymuszoną depozycję rumowiska korytowego i związane z tym zmiany morfologii koryta (faza 1) oraz depozycję drobnoziarnistego rumowiska przyczyniającą się do ekspansji roślinności nadrzecznej na nieporośnięte części koryta i prowadzącą do rozwoju stabilnego bocznie, krętego koryta (faza 2). W cofce może także dochodzić do przekształceń struktury roślinności nadrzecznej (np. eliminacji roślinności nieodpornej na stres wodny), przekształceń struktury siedlisk zwierząt nadrzecznych oraz wymuszonych zmian użytkowania terenu. Zmiany te mogą istotnie wpływać na funkcjonowanie systemu fluwialnego w strefie cofki i stanowią wyzwanie dla zagospodarowania przestrzennego tych stref. Szczególnie interesująca dla przyszłych badań wydaje się ilościowa analiza zmian interakcji hydrodynamika-osady-roślinność, wywołanych przez cofkę w ciekach górskich różnych stref klimatycznych.
- Strefy podmiejskie największych miast w Polsce stały się w ostatnich czasach obszarami koncentracji problemów komunikacyjnych. Jednym ze sposobów ich minimalizacji jest zwiększenie roli transportu zbiorowego podczas codziennych przemieszczeń do rdzenia aglomeracji. Szczególnie istotną rolę odgrywa tu transport kolejowy, który wykorzystuje odrębną infrastrukturę, przez co jest niezależny od ruchu drogowego. Aby jednak stanowił rozsądną alternatywę dla pasażerów, musi być konkurencyjny wobec transportu indywidualnego. Kluczowe zatem jest określenie czynników wpływających na odpowiednie zachowania komunikacyjne społeczeństwa. Zdaniem autora, w strefie podmiejskiej, gdzie oferta przewozowa jest porównywalna, duże znaczenie odgrywają tzw. czynniki zewnętrzne, przede wszystkim relacje przestrzenne pomiędzy infrastrukturą kolejową a siecią osadniczą. Dlatego też celem pracy jest ukazanie wpływu integracji zabudowy mieszkaniowej ze stacją kolejową na liczbę pasażerów z niej odprawianych, w obrębie obszarów wiejskich wrocławskiej strefy podmiejskiej. Integracja oceniona została na podstawie analizy podstawowych statystyk przestrzennych przy wykorzystaniu narzędzi GIS. Wyniki badań potwierdziły, że wyższy stopień integracji przekłada się na wzrost liczby pasażerów, natomiast izolacja tych elementów zniechęca mieszkańców do korzystania z usług kolei. Potwierdza to konieczność planowania rozwoju przestrzennego stref podmiejskich w koordynacji z systemem transportu kolejowego, w celu odciążenia drogowego systemu komunikacyjnego w obrębie aglomeracji.
- The structure of forest stands and tree architecture at the forest ecotone were analysed at the Alpine timberline zone of the Babia Góra massif of the Western Carpathians. Tree stand and tree characteristics displayedlarge differences in various locations. On the north slope of the massif, trees at the timberline grow relatively tall and slender, and have narrow crowns. Trees at the timberline on the south-west facing slopes of the massif,at higher elevations, are shorter, with lower slenderness indices and relatively broader crowns. These results suggest, that different environmental factors play major roles in shaping the structure of the timberline in variouselevations and various exposures.
- Studia nad zróżnicowaniem szaty roślinnej obszaru ujścia rzeki Warty do zbiornika Jeziorsko przeprowadzono po 30 latach od jego budowy. Badania terenowe wykonano w 6 transektach prostopadłych do koryta rzeki. Flora liczyła 235 taksonów roślin naczyniowych. Dominowały gatunki rodzime, przy czym w części północnej, w której mniejsza jest antropopresja, przeważały spontaneofity niesynantropijne, a w południowej, w której znajdują się łąki i pastwiska – apofity. Obserwowany strefowy układ roślinności obejmował zróżnicowane zbiorowiska hydrofitów w zbiorniku, terofitów namułkowych na odsłanianym okresowo dnie, różne typy szuwarów i zarośla wierzbowe Salicetum triandro-viminalis oraz łęgi wierzbowe Salicetum albae. Wśród 80 syntaksonów rangi podstawowej przeważały zbiorowiska naturalne. Na mapie roślinności przedstawiono rozmieszczenie 6 formacji roślinnych (leśnej, zaroślowej, terofitów nadbrzeżnych, szuwarów, pastwisk, łąk oraz hydrofitów). Najbardziej zróżnicowana jest środkowa część badanego terenu, gdzie wszystkie formacje tworzyły mozaikę, tam także wskaźnik różnorodności Shannona-Wienera osiągnął najwyższą wartość.
- The study addresses two current issues in social geography: the modern reflection on the topic of agency and the possibility of introducing the notion of place agency. When discussing human-environment relations, geographers more often use the terms more-than-human or non-human beings and focus on the animal and plant worlds. However, the symmetrical or mutual relationship between humans and the natural environment can be linked to a question arises about the wider scope of the notion of place agency and understanding the phenomenon of place as an entity acting on its own rights. <br>
- The study aims to examine travel preferences of Finnish cross-border tourists with special reference to the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Data were collected using paper-based and online surveys from 300 respondents travelling from Finland to the Russian Karelia. Although cross-border tourists are a significant part in the inbound tourist flow to Russian Karelia, several obstacles for this type of tourism have been revealed. Measures to stimulate Finnish tourists to travel to Russian Karelia are suggested. The results of this study can be used to improve Karelian tourist products by providing services as expected by tourists. The findings are limited to visitors of Russian Karelia and should therefore be interpreted with caution.
- The study allowed to determine the level of development of transborder co-operation connections, thematic scope and the strength of connections between the partners in the Polish-German border areas. The analysis of actors helped identify institutional settings on both sides of the border (levels of co-operation according to the level of territorial unit and similarity between actors in terms of their formal-legal status). The analysis also covered the spatial aspect of the existing network of connections. The study takes into consideration mutual relationships between the analyzed features. The analysis revealed similarities between institutional network of the co-operating authors and a relatively limited strength of connections. Moreover, the study showed that the type of actors, the strength of connections and thematic scope of jointly realized projects were strongly interconnected.
- The study analyses physiogeographical factors of the Zeravshan Range as a basis for environmental and habitat diversity. They provided the background for considering conditions for the functioning of juniper forest ecosystems. The uniqueness of these ecosystems also relies on the longevity of Juniperus seravschanica Kom., J. semiglobosa Regel and J. turkestanica Kom. Physiognomic features of the landscape are conditioned by the habitat, climate, landforms, and recently also by anthropopressure. The ecological, environmental and the cultural importance of juniper trees makes them a distinctive and determinant feature of the landscape. Currently juniper forests across Tajikistan, including those in the Zeravshan Mts., have been significantly disrupted as a result of chaotic, uncontrolled and excessive felling. The purpose of this article is to present natural conditions of juniper forest ecosystems, the impact of anthropogenic changes on their functioning as well as the occurrence of endemic species within them. The cultural importance of juniper in the protection of the surrounding landscape was also analysed.
- The study assess the position of the Śląskie Voivodeship in the European space of flows. The main objectives are: (1) to examine the regional position in the interregional space of flows, and (2) to assess this position in terms of the decarbonisation processes planned under the European Green Deal policy. In order to do this, the strengths and weaknesses of the region were identified, the flows potentially vulnerable to the restructuring process of the region’s coal-based economy were recognised, and the extent and scale of the impact of decarbonisation on the region’s economic situation was determined. An analysis of indicators such as intensity and concentration of flows places the region on the flow periphery, as the most significant flows are concentrated in Western and Northern Europe. One exception to this pattern is the transport of goods when measured in tonnes, which makes the region an important hub on a European scale. However, the most intensive flows link it with other Polish regions. Moreover the specificity of the Śląskie Voivodeship means that any effects of the European Green Deal will be particularly strongly felt, as it is among the regions experiencing the greatest negative impact of this policy on the economy and labour market.
- The study deals with an assessment and interpretation of the bioclimatic conditions in Vranje (southern Serbia). The study aims at temporal distributions of bioclimatic conditions focussing on extreme thermal stress based on the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The meteorological data required for the calculation of UTCI concern hourly (7 and 14 CET) weather data collected for the period 2000-2017. The frequency of very strong heat stress (VSHS), very strong cold stress (VSCS) and extreme cold stress (ECS) for both morning and midday hours. Furthermore, the daily difference of the UTCI hourly values (diurnal UTCI change) are specified, giving the daily variance of heat and cold stress. The results revealed the frequency of days in which thermal stress prevails for the studied period. The obtained results show an increase in extreme heat biothermal conditions, while extreme cold biothermal conditions are in decline, especially in the last 10 years. However, the frequency (the number of days) of very strong heat stress (VSHS) increased since 2007. A spectacular increase in heat stress was observed in the month of September, particularly in 2015.
- The study objective is to analyse the effect of the flow of internally displaced persons (IDPs) on the development of the Lviv Oblast – the largest region of Ukraine bordering on the EU. The article was based on available statistical data (most statistical data in Ukraine under martial law is not made public), data from sociological research of international organisations, and other official public sources of information. The study results suggest that the Lviv Oblast has become the main Ukrainian transit region on the route of refugees from Ukraine across the border, as well as one of the main oblasts accepting IDPs. At least 5 million people have passed the oblast in transit, and the number of IDPs reached its maximum in the period May-June 2022. Most of the people arrived in the city of Lviv, other large cities, as well as recreation and tourist centres. IDPs have had a positive effect on the sectors of housing construction and tourism in the oblast, and contributed to an increase in the budget income of separate territorial hromadas. Approximately 230 enterprises have also been relocated to the oblast. Most IDPs are planning or expect to return to their former place of residence, although with each month of war duration, the share of people integrating with local communities and planning to permanently remain in the territory of the Lviv Oblast increases. In spatial terms, the flow of IDPs considerably exceeded the level of urbanisation of the oblast, and accelerated the development of the Lviv urban agglomeration. In the future perspective it may contribute to an increase in territorial disproportions between large cities in the oblast, with better developed hromadas around Lviv, mountain and pre-montane towns on the one hand, and depressive hromadas in the east and south-east of the oblast on the other. <br>
- The study of economic resilience represents a relatively new subject of debate within the framework of regional studies. Here, the author firsts presents the evolutionary approach to resilience, and within it the agency perspective; before refocusing on the macroeconomic policy pursued in Poland, which is deemed to have spared the country and many of its regions from the recession otherwise experienced so widely during the crisis in Europe. The author then turns to a characterisation of eight European regions, including one in Poland, describing the actions taken and strategies pursued with a view to counteracting the negative effects of the crisis, and building economic resilience to future events of the same kind.
- The study of influence, exerted by the road projects on road traffic safety was carried out on the basis of data, contained in the System of Registry of Accidents and Collisions (Polish acronym: SEWIK) for the years 2006-2012, and the questionnaire-based survey. The level of safety on the motorways and expressways, or, more broadly – on the separate traffic roads, is being assessed as much higher than on the remaining national roads. Construction of a motorway results in a significant drop in the number of persons harmed in the accidents over the connections between the cities considered. The fast traffic roads, including the ring roads, being the segments of expressways, significantly improve the safety over the routes of national roads, but do not entail any important change in the accident rates on other roads.
- The study presents a brief review of Polish border regions’ participation in the global economy in 2013 based on export linkages at the local level (LAU 1). The paper offers an extended understanding of the export activity of intermediaries in foreign trade comparing to manufacturing companies. Results confirm the relatively greater importance of intermediaries activity in border areas, especially at the eastern border.
- The study presents a brief review of Polish regions’ participation in the global economy in 2011 based on export linkages at the local level (LAU 1). It identifies both the key actors in the globalisation processes within the country and the types of territories that share common trends in geographic and product export structures. The paper deals with a delimitation of areas of export concentration. A total of 23 areas have been identified accounting for nearly 60% of Polish exports. Both the economic strength of the regions as reflected in their respective figures and the long-established position of industry in the national economy resulted in a wide range of areas discussed here
- The study presents the delimitation of problem areas carried out at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of PAS on behalf of the Ministry of Development of Poland (2015-2016), first and foremost to meet the practical needs of the development policy being pursued at state, regional and local government levels. The study was elaborated for the 2479 Polish communes (gminas) by reference to 21 indicators mainly concerned with the state of the natural environment and socio-economic conditions, as well as features of spatial and local development. The three categories of area ultimately identified were the natural, the social and the economic aspects, the combination of which yielded several main types of problem area. A last stage then entailed a division into regions, i.e. the designation and naming of particular geographical areas.
- The study provides a compact view of population ageing in the capitals of the Visegrad Group (V4). The transformation of the age structure of urban populations is quantified within the context of the V4 countries – Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. This assessment of the age structure transformation in the V4 capitals between 1980 and 2013 was carried out using Webb’s chart and hexagonal diagram methods. The evaluation of the demographic ageing of the urban populations brings substantial knowledge of the immanent differences of the capitals. The similarities between Prague, Budapest and Warsaw and the specific development of Bratislava, was revealed.
- The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of socially involved agriculture (social farming). Socially involved agriculture, involving the introduction of social services to already functioning farms, has been developing since the end of the 20th century in rural areas of virtually all of Europe as a new type of innovative activity. Social farming is an idea combining the multifunctionality of farms with care and health services, as well as social entrepreneurship. The aim of the article is an attempt to outline the essence of social farming and emphasise its role in the sustainable rural development in Poland. To this regard, the study combines theoretical considerations with a description of practical solutions in the country. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, selected initiatives and forms of their support. One of these forms of support in the field of social care and integration in rural areas is a caring farm, offering services based on its resources and infrastructure, enabling, e.g. agrotherapy. Socially involved agriculture is a chance for farmers to provide new services and thus expand and diversify their activities and a multifunctional role in society. Responsible implementation of additional farm functions will contribute to the implementation of a sustainable rural development model.
- Subsidies of the EU funds resulted in major projects and plans. In order to prevent natural disasters, the European Community – among others – introduced the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Withthe SEA the environmental aspects prevailed in an earlier phase of the planning process. The SEA is mostly new means in the new Member States, hence the planners and stakeholders had to learn to incorporate it into theirpractice. On the other hand, the existing institutional structure of a country influences the planning decision making processes. This paper examines the introduction of and difficulties associated with the SEA in Hungarywhile focusing on institutional settings and integration elements.
- Suburbanisation represents one of the most important contemporary problems facing large urban agglomerations. An analysis of the development of urban agglomerations in Central-Eastern Europe, and especially Poland, leads to the observation that this problem is not particularly advanced in any of them. The aim of this article has thus been to examine how relevant it might be to consider the suburbanisation stage in large Polish agglomerations, as a permanent feature of the Klaassen/Paelinck and van den Berg models. Specifically, the article focuses on Poland’s seven largest agglomerations, though there is a particular emphasis on the Katowice conurbation. The essence of the study lay in the identification of differences in the population balance between these agglomerations, and above all, between their cores and outer zones. The study also included data on the structure characterising out-migrations. A consequence of the study was to draw attention to the apparent diversity of the Katowice conurbation, the only one in Poland to record a population decline in both the core area and the outer zone. This specificity was explained mainly by the drivers of polycentricity and post-industrialism. In other agglomerations, these elements were either absent altogether or were involved in separate shaping of urban regional space.
- Surface water temperature characteristics of the Vistula River mouth and the Gdańsk Bay were determined on the basis of available observations, remote sensing and hydrodynamic models. The water temperature in the Vistula River and the Gdańsk Bay was found to be much higher than the air temperature. In recent decades, the water temperature in the Vistula River mouth and the Gdańsk Bay has increased significantly. It has been determined that water temperature in the bay is affected not only by air temperature, but also by water discharge of the Vistula River and wind. <br>
- Szczeliniec Wielki w Górach Stołowych (Sudety Środkowe) jest unikatowym na obszarze Polski przykładem stoliwa zbudowanego z masywnych piaskowców zalegających naskałach drobnoziarnistych, znanym głównie z obecności „skalnego miasta” na powierzchni szczytowej. Rzeźba masywu Szczelińca odzwierciedla różne uwarunkowania litologiczne, związanez rodzajem skał i ich niejednakową wytrzymałością, oraz strukturalne, związane z obecnością powierzchni nieciągłości – uskoków, spękań oraz powierzchni warstwowania. W artykule opisano główne cechy rzeźby powierzchni szczytowej i stoków, ujawnione na cyfrowym modelu wysokości o dużej rozdzielczości pochodzącym z danych LiDAR. Pozwoliło to, wnioskując o procesach napodstawie wynikowych form, dokonać charakterystyki systemu morfogenetycznego Szczelińca Wielkiego i odtworzyć rozwój rzeźby w przeszłości.
- Śródleśne małe zbiorniki wodne zarówno pochodzenia antropogenicznego, jak i te o charakterze wytopiskowym (glacigenicznym), odgrywają niezwykle istotną rolę w kształtowaniu gospodarki wodnej mikrozlewni leśnych. Zretencjonowana w tych zbiornikach woda pozytywnie wpływa na wody gruntowe przyległych siedlisk leśnych, zasilając je w okresach posuch. Poznanie składowych bilansu wodnego tych niewielkich najczęściej akwenów może przyczynić się do ich ochrony, w kontekście działań związanych np. z ich odtwarzaniem.Pozwala także poznać ich funkcjonowanie. Podstawowym celem prowadzonych badań była analiza składowych bilansu wodnego dwóch różniących się pod względem zasilania śródleśnych oczek wodnych zlokalizowanych w zlewniach Niesobu i Pomianki – lewobrzeżnych dopływów Prosny. Uzyskane w latach hydrologicznych 2013, 2015 i 2016 wyniki badań pozwoliły stwierdzić, że w największym stopniu o przychodach w bilansie wodnym bezodpływowego oczka nr 1 decydował opad atmosferyczny na jego powierzchnię. W półroczach zimowych omawianych lat zasilanie oczka opadem kształtowało się na poziomie od 274 m3 (2015) do 432 m3 (2016), a w półroczach letnich osiągało wartości od 155 m3 (2016) do 684 m3 (2013). Natomiast czynnikiem, który w największym stopniu decydował o rozchodach w równaniu bilansowym tego oczka, było parowanie z jego powierzchni. W półroczach zimowych osiągało ono wartości od 177 m3 (2016) do 345 m3 (2013), a w półroczach letnich kształtowało się na poziomie od 385 m3 (2016) do 496 m3 (2015). W drugim analizowanym śródleśnym oczku wodnym nr 5 czynnikami decydującymi o kształtowaniu się bilansu były te związane z poziomą wymianą wody. Po stronie przychodów w największym stopniu o bilansie decydował dopływ źródliskowy, wynoszący średnio w analizowanych latach 46 873 m3 . Natomiast największy wpływ na ubytki wody miał odpływ z tego zbiornika do pobliskiego rowu, kształtujący się w omawianych latach średnio na poziomie 69 348 m3.
- Taking inspiration from maritime spatial planning, more in particular the Law of the Sea dividing ocean space into zones of graduated control, including areas beyond national jurisdiction (where by definition territorialism does not apply) the paper revisits territories as the building blocks of a political order. From there it proceeds to discussing the power, not to say the delusion of territorial sovereignty, only to revisit neo-medievalism as an alternative ordering principle for the governance of space. Accordingly, though sovereign in theory, stand-along territories are in reality conceptualised as being enmeshed in a web of functional relations, many of which with their own governance arrangements and with many overlaps between them. Which makes imposing an overall order a doubtful enterprise.
- The Territorial Agenda 2030 aims to provide multi-level strategic orientation to increase cohesion and overcome the 21st century pressing challenges. In multilingual contexts, the ideas and concepts communicated in such agendas must be clear and well-defined. In our study, we conducted a content analysis of the concepts of environment, inequality, justice, sustainability, territory and transition in contrast with former versions of this agenda. We found that, since 1983, the Territorial Agenda conceptual framework changed significantly in its meaning and semantic universe of reference.
- Territorial governance is an extremely heterogeneous activity. Each European country is characterised by a complex system of legal acts, tools, discourses and practices that had consolidated through time, as a consequence of peculiar path-dependent processes. At the same time, since more than 30 years the European Union is developing territorially relevant actions and interventions, ultimately aiming at achieving the economic, social and territorial cohesion of the continent. The mutual relations entangling domestic and supranational territorial governance remain unclear: on the one hand, the European Union is required to produce a framework for delivering its policies that is flexible enough to accommodate domestic differences; on the other hand, domestic territorial governance and spatial planning systems should adapt in order to allow room for cross-fertilization with supranational interventions. This contribution builds on the evidence collected by the research project ESPON COMPASS to frame and explore this issue. In doing so, it serves as an introduction for this special issue that, in the following contributions, presents a number of concrete examples of interaction between EU spatial policies and domestic territorial governance and spatial planning.
- This article aims to investigate the origin of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and its spatial distribution among CEE headquarters in national urban systems. The conceptual framework is based on discussion of the role of metropolises. To provide a broad geographical scope the ORBIS database has been used, and its value has been discussed. The analysis shows that headquarters in capital cities were still attracting the greatest amount of foreign direct investment as of 2013, even when considerations are set at the level of different types of activity sector.
- This article analyzes the impact of selected external and internal factors on environmental behaviour and the relationship between individuals’ willingness to engage in environmentally friendly activity and their actual actions. Our model served as a framework for understanding the development of environmental awareness and the change of habits in favor of sustainability. The main variables included in the model were values, beliefs, norms, perceived environmental control, demographic variables, knowledge, intention, and behaviour. The results based on the example of Ljubljana indicate that environmental motives and knowledge are the factors predominantly influencing actual environmentally friendly habits. It is concluded that a bottom-up approach with selected social influence methods is the most appropriate.
- This article deals with changes in political boundaries, border regimes and border policies that have taken place in the area between the Baltic and the Mediterranean, which corresponds in the broadest sense with the term ‘Europe-in-between’. An important generator of problems here has been the multi-ethnic composition of the population, a source of diffuse political processes often even giving rise to conflict. Border policies have served as indicators of the relationships pertaining between countries, though they have an even broader exponent relating EU policies and peacekeeping missions, among other things, and thus offering nothing less than a laboratory for geopolitics both old and new. In the three parts present here, the first represents a short theoretical discussion concerning national systems, while the second offers an empirical analysis of border changes and policies in the area stretching from Kaliningrad to the Bosphorus and Trieste. Finally, a third, synthetic, part discusses recent challenges to border policies in the area in question posed by processes of European integration, as set against the new security paradigms of our era. Particular emphasis is placed on strong immigration pressure, pan-Turkish strategic aspirations, the Balkan area and its policies and the relationship between the EU and Russia.
- This article deals with the analysis of Hungary’s still-existing coal region (Northern Hungary), including the future of coal mining and energy production. Within the interpretive tradition of social research, we approached the problem and explored the role and significance of the Mátra Power Plant in the country and the coal region. The results show that there has been widespread involvement in the field of coal removal, Just Transition and that it is important for decision-makers and energy policy stakeholders in the country and the region to have a say. It also helps to shape discourses and bring out alternative views.
- This article draws attention to key aspects of the dynamic relationship between urbanisation and climatic conditioning, with particular account taken of the ventilating and cooling of cities and the influence of ecological continuity and connectivity between urban and open areas. Such phenomena are discussed in the context of the quality of life enjoyed by inhabitants of urbanised areas. The role of green infrastructure in shaping urban space from the point of view of the easing or amelioration of negative thermal phenomena is discussed, as is the influence of climatic conditions on the functioning of cities’ water systems. Reference is also made to demographic change in cities, given the major influence this has on inhabitants’ vulnerability to the negative impacts of developing heat islands, most especially in periods of severe and/or prolonged heatwaves.
- This article explores the relationship between amber and heritage tourism, utilizing Poland as an illustrative context. Amber, a form of fossilized resin, holds significant importance across a multitude of fields, such as science, culture, and economy, having been used as a material by artists, craftsmen, and jewelers for centuries. Today, amber draws visitors to locations where it is found and to institutions that display amber collections, such as museums and galleries. Furthermore, it is an essential component of various events, including exhibitions, fairs, and amber fishing competitions. Amber also forms the foundation of many tourist routes, such as the renowned Amber Route. Owing to its deep ties with cultural heritage, amber is considered a central attraction within amber-based heritage tourism. This paper examines the current contribution of amber to the development of heritage tourism. The authors conducted a literature analysis, online source queries, evaluations of institutions (e.g., museums), and personal observations to address the topic. The article is divided into eight sections, each highlighting different aspects of the investigated subject, ultimately suggesting an adaptation of Timothy and Boyd’s (2003) model to illustrate the development of amber-based heritage tourism. <br>
- This article introduces the issue of the planning of allotment gardening in the case of Ljubljana, Slovenia, as a self-supplying activity by which fresh vegetables are cultivated. Allotment gardening is an activity that involves just a small percentage of Ljubljana’s population, those enthusiasts seeing this activity as more of a recreation and relaxation than a way of earning money. The city authorities are already anticipating that allotments will be eliminated from locations deemed unsuitable, holders then being offered alternatives in more appropriate locations. The appropriateness of these planned locations for allotments was evaluated in respect of whether key exclusion and attractiveness measures were complied with. We also determined the partial suitability of selected locations.
- This article looks at certain socioeconomic consequences of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena in the Polish Lowland, e.g. floods, droughts, hurricanes, heat and cold waves that have all become more intense in Poland over recent years. The particular focus is on the impact of extreme high temperature and severe cold events on socio-medical parameters such as mortality. The analysis is especially concerned with increased daily numbers of deaths in 3 large urban centers located in northeast Poland.
- This article offers a detailed analysis of the content characterising the geopolitical challenges and socio-economic changes that have been facing Ukraine in the years following the Revolution of Dignity, as well as interregional differences. The focus here is on administrative regions of Ukraine that border on to EU Member States, while the special emphasis is on the Ukrainian-Polish border regions, i.e. those in which the cooperation put in place can be regarded as most successful and intensive of all. Furthermore, as gaps to the availability of statistical data are present, the main emphasis has been on case studies, content and SWOT analysis, the search for good practice, and typical patterns of perception as markers of the dynamics present in social space.
- This article presents a case study examining the slow-death of the Berlin Führerbunker since 1945. Its seventy year longitudinal perspective shows how processes of ruination, demolition and urban renewal in central Berlin have been affected by materially and politically awkward relict Nazi subterranean structures. Despite now being a buried pile of rubble, the Führerbunker’s continued resonance is shown to be the product of a heterogeneous range of influences, spanning wartime concrete bunkers’ formidable material resistance, their affective affordances and evolving cultural attitudes towards ruins, demolition, memory, memorialisation, tourism and real estate in the German capital.
- This article presents results of the research on the protection of the river valleys of Lublin Voivodeship. To determine the degree of protection of the river valleys cartometric methods based on the available maps and the Ministry of Environment and Offi ce of Spatial Planning in Lublin data are used. The results of researches made that the protected landscape areas are element of the system of protected areas, which includes the highest percentage of river length in region (over 13%). Outside the protected areas, there are 70% of the length of the river. In this system of protection, fragmentation of the valleys is signifi cant. None of the major rivers of the region, including the Vistula and the Bug, is not protected throughout in their length.
- This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent centuries,the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA
- This article proposes a method of the assessment of distribution of tourist facilities. The main aim of presented study is to assess a spatial density of tourist elements. The evaluation of the distribution of tourist facilities in the landscape allows to indicate overloaded areas. The second purpose is the proposition of an indicator measuring the landscape saturation of tourist facilities, i.e. density index developed by the authors. The index, referred to river basin, is based on the ratio of the area of the tourist facilities to the total area of the unit. For the purposes of calculation, the authors developed a framework for the classification of tourist facilities based on its spatial character. The method was examined in the Silesian Beskid mountain range and can be applied in similar mountain areas.
- This article seeks to present Polish achievements where research on the subject of shopping centres is concerned. The Polish research in this sphere is found to be both interdisciplinary and located within the sphere of interest of economists, sociologists, urban planners and geographers, among others. It is often therefore hard to determine which studies can be considered geographical. Are these ones dealt with by geographers, though often drawing upon the research of other academic disciplines? Or studies led by other researchers, but incorporating a geographical context? The subject of the development of modern commercial spaces (supermarkets, hypermarkets, discount stores, shopping centres, etc.) only appeared in the academic studies of Polish geography in the late 1990s, i.e. the time during which shops representing parts of foreign chain stores began to develop rapidly on the Polish market. In the Polish literature on shopping centres, the issues discussed most often concern the introduction of foreign investments into Poland, location (and relevant location factors), impacts on the functional and spatial structure of cities and urban renewal processes in what are mainly post-industrial areas, methods of spending free time, and the role and appropriation of public space. It is clear that the issue has not yet been exhausted, and that many challenges remain for the scientists, including geographers, who are willing to face them. One of the author’s tasks is therefore to inspire and encourage geographers to explore further these new spaces that have appeared and are continuing to appear, not only within the functional and spatial structures of cities, but also in suburban areas.
- This article seeks to trace the growing dissension over the logic of European cohesion policy. Two perspectives are fighting for dominance, the European and the national. Only the European Commission and the European Parliament are actively promoting the European logic, which has gained ground over time through the overarching strategization (or Lisbonization) of European policies. In contrast, the memberstates subscribe to a national logic concerning European cohesion policy. This outlook is particularly notable among the ‘friends of cohesion policy’, a group that includes the southern, central, and eastern European countries. The funding allocated through the EU is applied in individual national markets, not in the single European market. In this regard, the concept of European cohesion policy to adjust national markets towards the European level has been sidelined by the national logic. This contribution attempts to reconstruct the dispute over the purpose of European cohesion policy since the reform of structural funds in 1988, focusing primarily on the latest rounds of negotiations over the multiannual financial framework (in which cohesion policy funds are a central issue) and the emerging conflict between the core and the periphery in the political economy of the European Union. If the European logic regarding the single European market’s construction does not prevail, European integration will stagnate or even reverse, and national compartmentalization of cohesion policy may become the dominant spatial model in Europe.
- This brief study depicts the Azau Valley in the central Caucasus Mountains in the context of landforms and the geomorphological processes modelling the area. The attached Plate shows the location of timberline and thedistribution and extent of landforms of different origin.
- This contribution forms part of the framework of the CasoNatura research project in order to analyse the social trust in two protected natural areas of Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain). It aims to assess contexts of legitimacy for the Government and management of the space between the agents and institutions. Furthermore, it tries to detect the level of territorial identity which has the population with regard to their municipality, natural space and supra-local scales. Conflict detection of environmental, social and economic nature and how to manage them will be analysed and assessed through methodologies including both bibliographical and documentary sources and qualitative techniques of socio-territorial analysis: surveys of the local population and Governing Board of the Park, interviews with "qualified informants" and interviews with organisations/institutions located in the territory in question.
- This Editorial provides a framework for the entire volume of Europa XXI devoted to spatial development at sea and at the land-sea interface. It explains why conscious management of marine space is necessary, the benefits that it might provide, and the governance regimes that can be used. It discusses and compares maritime spatial planning and integrated coastal management as means of securing spatial order at sea and at the land-sea interface. Finally, it links together the remaining articles by explaining their added value in relation to one another; and their mutual relations.
- This essay focuses attention on aspects of border politics that give evidence of nation-building and national consolidation processes in Central Europe. In a normative, policy-oriented sense this is a question of borders as framing conditions for regional development. In a more critical and analytical sense this involves interrogating the actual use of borders in politically and ideologically framing national interests within a wider European context. The essay begins with a brief discussion of Europeanisation processes understood in terms of the promotion of cross-border cooperation (CBC) in Central Europe. Here, the significance of national structural conditions for implementation of Cohesion and regional policies and hence CBC will be discussed. One result that emerges is that while EU-European principles of cross-border cooperation have been partly mainstreamed into regional development policies they have at the same time been superimposed by the domestication of EU policies in the interest of nation-building. More specific evidence is then provided by Hungarian experience where national scale and nation-building have played key roles in conditioning the quality of cross-border cooperation and in the framing of state borders as resources. Attention will focus on: (1) Hungarian exploitation of CBC in the service of ethnopolitical development objectives and (2) Hungary’s recent policy of border securitisation which essentially entails a re-nationalisation of its border regime and a framing of the physical border as a protective barrier against threats to national and European identity.
- This paper addresses the problem of how the reborn winemaking in Lower Silesia may contribute to the social, landscape and functional changes of rural areas. Newly established vineyards refer back to the local traditions of grape cultivations which vanished for the variety of reasons. Vineyards are typically small family businesses. The profiles of winemakers show that they are most often educated persons, arriving from cities, who follow their passion and consider winemaking as a supplementary source of income. They are aware of the value of local products, traditions and harmonious landscape and expose these values in both the process of winemaking itself, as well as in developing wine tourism. They support and organize new activities such as music events, recreational events, and guest presentations. Vineyards are new elements of the rural landscape, but they are historically justified and harmoniously integrated with the topography, whereas associated infrastructure usually represents good examples of revitalization of existing buildings, occasionally of architectural value. Due to the family-type business on the vineyards it is rather premature to infer their direct positive influence on local employment and incomes. Nevertheless, due to the growth of wine tourism local suppliers are expected to increasingly benefit from this development trend.
- This paper analyses the changes of temperature at the ground-level and the temperature and location of the selected isobaric surfaces in relation to Lityński atmospheric circulation (1969) as modified by PiankoKluczyńska (2007). The basic data used in this paper were everyday radiosonde measurements obtained from the Aerological Station in Legionowo in the years 2001-2010 at 00 UTC. The subject of the analysis were yearly and seasonal average temperatures as well as the locations of isobaric surfaces. The biggest differences between isobaric surfaces locations during anticyclonic kinds of circulation and those during cyclonic ones occur in winter, while the smallest such differences appear since May till September. When analysing the circulation type (direction and kind), it was established that isobaric surfaces are located at the lowest level during circulations from the northern quadrant. The universality of the circulation calendar which was used and the geographical location of the Aerological Station in Legionowo entitle us to claim the results of this study to be representative for the lowland of Central Europe.
- This paper aspires to provide a thorough overview of the transformation of the Hungarian agricultural sector from 1990 through to 2020. After a brief historical outline, three decades of changes and the present state are discussed in the context of the legislative framework, farm and ownership structure, production structure, land use and ecological sustainability. The changing role played by agriculture in the Hungarian economy and rural societies is also taken into consideration, while the overarching effects of EU accession and the introduction of the CAP are also investigated. The establishment of a legislative framework for privatisation and compensation in respect of the former collectivisation proved one of the major challenges during the transition to a market economy. As a result, this evened out the shares of all agricultural land in private and legal holdings in the first decade, with the number of smallholders exceeding one million. However, the following two decades were characterised by concentration, as the overall number of private holdings fell quickly, while there was an increase in numbers of those with more than 10 ha of utilised agricultural land. Hungary’s political and economic transition was followed immediately by a dramatic decline in terms of production output. However, after the initial plunge, crop production started to rise again rapidly, so that by the early 2000s it had surpassed what had been achieved during the communist era. In contrast, the crisis in livestock production proved to be more prolonged.
- This paper characterises the development of Czech agriculture in the 30 years since the change of political regime. It notes that, although ownership has changed, the structure of large farms has been maintained. There has been a reduction in livestock production in particular, which has disrupted the traditional relationship between the two principal agricultural activities. The number of workers in the primary sector has fallen very rapidly, to less than 6% now, even in rural areas. Therefore, the communities in the Czech countryside are no longer dependent on agriculture, whose role is increasingly shifting to landscape maintenance and non-productive activities. At present, subsidies under the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy are the main driver in Czech agriculture. In the face of current challenges, attention needs to be paid to the environmental function of agriculture, while the impact of agricultural jobs on rural development is negligible.
- This paper claims that entrepreneurial actorness, which is one of the main thematic scopes of entrepreneurship research, can be (re-)framed from a value-theoretical perspective. The various individual features addressed as entrepreneurial personality traits (one’s ideas, perceptions, understandings, mindsets, routines, etc.) can thus be linked to certain value contents and specific value sets. For the purposes of this novel theoretical perspective, this paper first applies Shalom H. Schwartz’s framework of Basic Human Values, before presenting a comparative analysis of European entrepreneurs’ value preferences. The results show that there are four separate entrepreneur groups with significantly different value hierarchies whose distribution varies across Europe.
- This paper demonstrates a way to examine the transformation of the territorial shape of the region. The official symbols (flags and emblems) of modern administrative units of Ukraine were analyzed for the usage of heraldic symbols of historical regions that lost their administrative status a century before. The results confirm more or less constant symbolic reproduction of historical regions, but their spatial shapes has changed under the influence of new administrative boundaries. Simultaneously, in certain cases historical heraldry loses its former meaning and is involved into the development and strengthening of identities with new administrative regions rather than historical ones.
- This paper describes and analyses the imageability and the perceptual portraits of the (post-)socialist largescale housing estates in Kyiv in the eyes of young people (university students). The research is based on the analysis of Lynch-type mental maps focusing on urban vernacular districts among the other their principal elements. The results show that mass housing areas still constitute an important part of the city’s image. However, apparently similar neighbourhoods differ significantly in terms of their imageability and likeability depending on their location in the city and the trajectory of the post-socialist development. Consequently, individual approaches to positive image change based on the complex evaluation of development factors are needed to response the challenges faced by the different types of the (post-)socialist mass housing.
- This paper discusses the cloud cover and its relation to atmospheric circulation over Spitsbergen during 1983-2015. It focuses on monthly and seasonal cloud covers and on the frequency of days with specific cloud cover (cloudless, clear, cloudy and completely overcast sky) and their relation to various circulation types. In the research period the cloud cover characteristics were differentiated over the island on both monthly and seasonal scales, and they strongly depended on the direction of air advection. The highest mean daily cloud cover was reported for circulation types with air advection from the south (S+SWc and S+SWa). The greatest variation in the cloud cover distribution was observed during the polar night (at Svalbard Lufthavn and Ny-Ålesund) or in the autumn (Hornsund). The long-term variability in the cloud cover significantly depends on the frequency of N+NEa type (negative correlation) and on S+SWc and W+NWc and Cc+Bc types (positive correlation), particularly in sprin
- This paper examines patterns of rural-urban inequality in Europe. Econometric analysis of quantitative data, new large-n survey data, and stakeholder interviews are utilised, revealing a broad trajectory of convergence between rural and urban areas that is cross-cut by pockets of persistent disadvantage and by contrasts between different parts of Europe. The paper employs the concept of spatial justice to consider the factors shaping these patterns and their political effects. It shows that while EU programmes have had some impact on material measures of inequality, perceived spatial injustice remains, creating opportunities for disruptive political movements. <br>
- This paper examines specific runoffs in the catchments of the rivers Ina, Rega, Parsęta, Radew and Wieprza in the hydrological years 1981 through 2019. The magnitude of specific runoff is an indirect measure of water resources in a given region. Except for the Radew catchment, mean annual specific runoffs have diminished in all the analyzed catchments through the study period. In some or all of the catchments, runoffs from April through July have also diminished. The largest changes have been observed for June in the Ina and Parsęta catchments. These changes are basically due to the increase in air temperature.
- This paper examines the aesthetic consequences of recent changes in the rural landscape of Slovak-Austrian borderland. By the use of panoramic pictures and their photomontage we focused on landscape structure, abandonment, suburban fabric and the presence of wind turbines in the rural landscape. A secondary aim of the study was also to recognize some factors behind the different perception preferences. Above all we would like to draw attention to the issue of aesthetic qualities of rural landscape.
- This paper explores how geography shapes human uses of the maritime space along the Atlantic archipelagic territories of Macaronesia, a biogeographical region that includes the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands and Cape Verde. The way specific geographic characteristics of these islands influence and even determine maritime uses and activities is analyzed in a three-layers approach in the following order: socio-economic analysis, sectorial analysis and uses and activities analysis. The biophysical and geographical characteristics of each archipelago will be considered throughout the analysis, highlighting the common aspects and peculiarities between each region. After a comprehensive overview of the main economic activities, the discussion suggests that certain specificities need to be taken into account in maritime spatial planning processes when planning and managing human uses at sea, to promote the sustainable development of local communities, particularly in archipelagic regions.
- This paper focuses on distinctive features of accessibility, passenger flow and sustainability as regards public transport in Kyiv, Ukraine. In investigating the impacts of a transport system on city-dwellers a key concept is accessibility. The analysis included here identifies clear patterns to the individual factors that influence commuting time. Since the city’s system of public transport is underdeveloped, the main underlying factor is the presence of metro lines. An analysis of the metro passenger-traffic system confirms the persistent presence of territorial disparities in the city’s transport network. Furthermore, levels of safety, environmental friendliness and comfort experienced gain reflection in a low level of consumer confidence in the city’s transport system, as well as its limited sustainability. Priority measures by which the current situation might be improved are therefore discussed.
- This paper has sought to give some insights into the means of transport used by the 38 largest tour operators seated in Poland. The research is based on in-depth analysis and uses data from a number of tourism and transport sources. Results indicate a great concentration of the servicing of organised tourist traffic within a relatively small number of wholesalers. Basically, the effects of air carriers to date are hardly to be overestimated, and this is especially true of an assessment of recent developments as regards charter flights from/to Poland. Coaches play a much lesser role in the servicing of organised mass tourist traffic, while other means of transport (cruise ships, railways) are used only occasionally. Overall, the analysis carried out characterises the country’s leisure travel market as one which is only at the early stages of maturity.
