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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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This paper represents an overview on the structural dynamics of Romanian agriculture, and the challenges faced. Describing the main changes over the last three decades, the analysis here should facilitate understanding of how communist-era agriculture of a centralised state might be transformed into something able to operate efficiently under free-market conditions. The specifics of Romania’s agricultural transition connect closely with certain preconditions, among them in particular the high proportion of the national population that is still rural. A privatisation process set in rapidly post-1989, as the old State Farms were dissolved over just two years. The role this economic branch played in the generation of GDP decreased, in a manner suggesting the former level will not be re-achieved, but farmers have worked to improve their basic infrastructure. The main obstacle would now seem to be the excessive fragmentation of agricultural land and the only-slow process of consolidation. Current characteristics of structural dynamics are visible in trends towards specialisation in farming, livestock restructuring, the slow (re-) development of irrigation infrastructure, increased land prices and more typical processes of a “land grab” profile. In this connection, the paper identifies 9 challenges Romanian agriculture faces, presenting these synthetically to ensure a clarification of objectives, with a view to greater upgrading of the country’s huge potential being achieved.
This paper reviews the latest research directions and conceptual developments on the phenomenon of volunteer tourism. The last review was published in 2017, so it is time to summarize and re-evaluate how voluntourism has evolved. The paper projects future developments within voluntourism by showcasing some critical changes in the participants’ attitudes. This is likely to influence how, where and by whom volunteering initiatives will be implemented. The contributions of this paper are assembling an overview of efforts to formulate a definition of voluntourism and providing clues as to what socio-cultural and market- forces will drive its evolution in the future. <br>
This paper seeks to determine the share of Polish regional centres in the absorption of European funds as compared with their regional surroundings. The analysis covered the years 2004-2013 and embraced 18 cities functioning as regional capitals and 16 voivodeships. The research proceeded in three stages. In the first one, the position of the regional capitals was determined against the level of socio-economic development of the country’s poviats. Stage two was devoted to the magnitude and absorption structure of European means in the regional centres. The third part of the procedure covered identification of the place of the regional centres in the process of absorption of EU funds in voivodeships.
This paper seeks to offer a critical discussion of conceptual ideas of sustainability that link transport with borderlands. In recent decades, European border regions have been subject to a steady process of transformation. New sustainable ideas are among the most important paradigms where the future development of borderlands is concerned, with transport considered key. In this paper, the author seeks to demonstrate the way in which sustainability has been characterised by environmental, economic and social aspects that each have their own special relevance to borderland development of transport.
This research describes the evolution of the Irish spatial planning system and explores the impact of EU cohesion policies aiming to reduce regional and social disparities within the European Union with respect to recent developments in Ireland. The changing nature of the Irish planning system is seen as movement from a market or local development led approach towards a more strategic regional and national approach. This trend has in part been influenced by EU policies, directives and initiatives with evidence of both difficulties and successful delivery of some major projects. The discussion is complemented by evidence from two case studies in the transportation area and interviews with key participants in the policy processes. In conclusion the implications of such trends for future planning policy in Ireland and the EU are explored.
This research focuses on the spatial diversity of cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship (Poland) based on data from the PERUN lightning detection system, 2002-2019. The storm season usually lasts from May to September, with July having the highest number of thunderstorms days and flashes. Thunderstorms most often occur in the afternoon. A generated grid of 5×5-km cells was used to characterise the variables related to CG flashes. In the analysed period 432,925 CG flashes were detected in the voivodeship (24,051 flashes year-1). The highest electrical activity was found in the south-eastern part of the province. In grids with a large water surface, the number of CG flashes was small and increased with distance from the Vistula River. The distribution of atmospheric discharges in major cities of the region (Bydgoszcz, Toruń, Włocławek and Grudziądz) was random. Years with greater electrical storm activity (27,614 discharges in 2017) are interspersed with calmer years (5000-7000 discharges). There were found an upward trend in lightning discharges (of 1681 discharges year-1) during period 2002-2019. To develop maps specifying the number of thunderstorm days, a 1×1-km grid cell was used with a 15-km radius buffer from the bin centre. The annual number of thunderstorm days in the voivodeship fluctuates from 27 to 41 days and increases from north-west to south-east. Consecutive days with a thunderstorm, the most common runs are of three days in a row with a storm. The number of thunderstorm days shows an increasing trend (0.82 days year-1). This trend is related to the increase in air temperature in the storm season (Apr-Sept) reaching (0.04°C/year).
This study addresses the gap in knowledge regarding effective design practices for crowdmapping in participatory mapping, considering the diverse agendas, expectations, and needs of stakeholders. Through interviews and analysis of a crowdmapping project, we developed a roadmap and guidelines to inform the design process of a web-based crowdmapping tool. Unlike traditional approaches that focus on end-user evaluation, our paper explores the perspectives of facilitators and developers involved in the participatory process. By understanding their motivations and perceptions, we can plan and design user-friendly tools that meet the requirements of all stakeholders in participatory mapping. <br>
This study aims to characterise human heat loads during the three hottest summer months recorded in Krakow at the beginning of the 21st century, namely in July 2006, August 2015, and June 2019. This goal can be reduced to the questions of how far these loads deviated from the average conditions and what was the impact of circulation. The study showed that the months in question belonged to the thermally anomalous category, where the temperature significantly exceeded (by at least 2 standard deviations, SD) the long-term average. The study was based on the UTCI values calculated taking into account four meteorological elements recorded at three times of the day (6:00, 12:00 and 18:00 UTC). The analysis was referenced against the latest 30-year period (1991-2020) and relied on the calendar of circulation types and air masses for southern Poland by T. Niedźwiedź. The outcome of the study showed that the highest heat load intensity occurred in the first half of August 2015, when the all-day heat stress prevailed on most of the days, it reached strong stress levels at peak human activity time and included severely strong stress condition on three days of that period. Similar heat load conditions occurred in July 2006, but this time in two separate spells: 5-13 July and 18-23 July. In June 2019, the heat stress load started to grow at the beginning of the month and culminated in two peaks: first in the early 20s of the month and then again between 25-27 July. Causes for the occurrence of unusually warm months should be seen not just in the warming of the Earth's climate, but also in the variability of atmospheric circulation. The intensity of the heat was influenced by the nature of the circulation, by the direction of advection and by the type of air masses. All the spells of days with the strongest heat stress during these three exceptionally warm months coincided with anticyclonic circulation from the southern sector (Sa and SWa), bringing hot tropical air masses. " <br>
This study aims to measure the daily melatonin secretory rhythms of people living in high-, mid-, and low-latitude regions characterised by different day lengths and global solar-radiation conditions. In Poland, a high-latitude region, the amount of melatonin secretion is greater, with secretion occurring earlier (exemplifying phase advance). On the other hand, in Vietnam, a low-latitude region, the level is lower and occurs later (phase delay). Japan, a mid-latitude region, shows behaviour intermediate between these two. Melatonin secretory rhythm in Vietnam is closely related to Day length and Global Solar Radiation, though no such relationship is observed in Poland or Japan, making it necessary for other factors to be considered. The results of this study have important implications considering the impacts of light pollution and lighting-related conditions of modern life. <br>
This study assesses the soil water storage in Poland over the years 2000-2015. Soil water storage (SWS) data were acquired from the GLDAS Noah model simulations. The specific objectives were to provide a quantitative assessment of the SWS in the soil layer of 0-50 cm depth to detect extreme stages of SWS, and to provide an insight into the effects of precipitation deficit or surplus on the stage of SWS. Extremely low SWS was detected to occur in August 2003, July 2006, and September 2015. Contrasting high SWS stages appeared in May and June 2010, caused by excessive precipitation.
This study considers the roles of management and ideology in modifying the sustainability of communal systems. We approached this issue by discussing the major forces that shaped the planned kibbutz and the recent processes that have brought about its current transformation. Using a questionnaire-based survey we tried to reveal the relative importance that the members attach to traditional kibbutz values and their perception of the tension between the original ideology and the management strategies that have been imposed on the communal society by both external and internal forces. The findings indicate that pragmatism tends to prevail over ideology and communality has difficulty in functioning effectively in a highly complex and changing world. It points to the weakening of the communal system and to growing disengagement from principles of equality. However, the process and project of reshaping the kibbutz is ongoing.
This study determines the frequency, location and spatial extent of such large-area monthly thermal anomalies, which are referred to in this paper as continental-scale thermal anomalies (CTAs). The research was based on monthly mean air temperature values from 210 weather stations over the 68-year period 1951-2018. A CTA is defined as an anomaly when the monthly mean temperature exceeded the long-term average by at least 2 standard deviations at a minimum of 40 stations. This study attempts to explain the occurrence of such CTAs (negative CTAs- and positive CTAs+) in relation to the circulation conditions over Europe. In the years 1951-2018, there were 16 CTAs- (mainly in winter and autumn) and 25 CTAs+ (predominantly in summer). One manifestation of climate warming is the ever less frequent occurrence of CTAs- and a growing frequency and spatial extent of CTAs+. The immediate cause behind CTAs was the occurrence of characteristic synoptic situations, leading to intensified advection of cold or hot air masses, often driven by radiation factors. The formation of CTAs- was much more often associated with very extensive and long-lasting anticyclonic systems, and that the associated synoptic situations over Europe lasted much longer than in the case of CTAs+.
This study documents the spatio-temporal land use and land cover dynamics of Yangoupokpi Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary (YLWLS) in Manipur, India. Landsat imageries at three points of time spanning 38 years (1978, 2000 and 2016) were taken into account. Supervised image classification techniques were employed. Fragstats software was used to derive five landscape metrics, namely, class area (CA), number of patches (NP), largest patch index (LPI), percentage of landscape (PLAND) and mean patch size (MPS), to quantitatively assess the level of landscape fragmentation in the YLWLS. Dense and moderately dense forests decreased markedly during 1978-2000 from 46.5% to 40% and 38% to 28% of the total geographical area, respectively. However, between 2000 and 2016, the sanctuary managed to gain 840 ha of dense forest through various afforestation activities. The overall change in YLWLS during 1978-2016 indicates a substantial transition of dense and moderately dense forests.
This study presents changes in water conditions in the Lublin agglomeration, especially as regards discharges from the Bystrzyca and other rivers. Areas covered with impermeable materials, such as asphalt and concrete, have caused changes in directions of surface runoff and an intensification of this process, with effects on the discharges of rivers. The regime of flooding is the consequence of natural and anthropogenic conditions. Spring and summer floods in Lublin and at water gauges below the city are mainly caused by surface runoff from the urban area. During periods of snowmelt periods or torrential rain, water flows rapidly through the system of stormwater drainage, and then into the rivers.
This study presents the results of an analysis of mean daily values for soil temperature measured using mercury thermometers and electronic sensors during the period 2000-2009 at the Wrocław-Swojec Observatory. Daily averages were calculated on the basis of three measurements a day made using standard devices, as well as in two ways from automatic data: from the same terms and from all 24 hours. Linear regression, frequency and significance of differences, time series analysis (i.e. autocorrelation analysis and seasonal decomposition using the additive model) were performed to determine whether a change in the method of calculating mean daily values might reduce the differences between the two methods.
This study presents the results of the first large-area monitoring of steep slopes in the Tatra Mountains. In the research, we used terrestrial laser scanning methods and GIS tools. We also performed crack density measurements. The results obtained demonstrate that the rate of change of slopes under the influence of weathering and rockfall processes is very variable both in time and space. The rate of retreat of 4 steep adjacent granitoid slopes over the same period ranged from 0.00013 ma-1 to 0.004 ma-1. The spatial variation in the number and size of cavities was related primarily to the cracks density.
This study seeks to show – by reference to the example of Poland’s capital city – the important role played by green infrastructure in a city’s spatial structure, as well as the functions served as an important element of urban space exerting an influence on people’s quality of life. The article describes the spatial structure characterising Warsaw’s green infrastructure, its different component parts, and its connections with undeveloped areas surrounding the city. Attention is paid to the different shares that biologically active areas account for in the different Districts making up Warsaw. Also, predictions are made regarding likely directions of change in the city’s land-cover structure.
This study was designed to explore the impact of meteorological factors (air temperature, relative and absolute humidity, wind, cloudiness and precipitation) on influenza morbidity in four selected big cities in Poland – Cracow, Poznań, Warsaw and Wrocław. Atmospheric data obtained from four meteorological stations spread over six years (2013‑2018) were compared to influenza-like illnesses (ILI) reports, obtained from the Voivodship Units of the State Sanitary Inspection for the same locations and period. Data were analysed using Spearman correlation and negative binomial regressions to capture the nonlinear relationship between exposure to environmental conditions and influenza morbidity. Our study found a strong negative association of absolute air humidity with influenza infections (RR = 0.738) and positive relationship with minimal temperature (RR = 1.148). The effect of wind speed, cloudiness and precipitation on ILI was less evident. Proposed model is valid for all age groups in Polish cities, but suits the best to elderly citizens (65+). The model is also appropriate for different seasons, however only absolute humidity, minimal temperature and wind speed are considered significant variables all year round. Furthermore, we observed 6 to 9-days delay between particular adverse weather conditions and ILI morbidity increase, as 1-week lag model proved to have the highest predictive power (AIC = 8644.97). Although meteorological variables have statistically significant contribution to explain influenza morbidity, there are also other non-climatic factors, that can possibly influence the seasonality and complexity of influenza epidemiology in Polish cities.
This work pursues the study of mental maps as a tool to assess the geographic knowledge of the Balearic Islands among school students from 17 primary education schools. The study reveals an interrelationship between the formal aspects of the cartographic sketches and the level of geographic knowledge expressed (content) through the mentioned places. This finding adds value to the power of cartographic sketching as a tool for the study of geographic knowledge, disproving those who question it.
This work should acquaint Polish readers with the current state of knowledge on the impact of that the management of mountain forests exerts on soil and on the circulation of water and matter, including via such phenomena as erosion, sediment transport and flooding. It draws abundantly on foreign review papers on specific issues, at the same time augmenting the theses formulated with findings from most recent works and relating to Polish conditions. This literature review has provided a basis for it to be concluded that: 1) forest management, and above all the associated roads and skid trails, accelerate both water erosion and landslide processes in mountainous areas; 2) the movement of matter along forest roads (by both of the above mechanisms) is usually one to more than two orders of magnitude greater than that occurring on steep forested slopes; 3) unpaved forest roads, skid trails and wood-storage areas are the main sources of sediment in forest areas, while paved roads contribute to accelerated surface runoff; 4) the type and location of roads in mountain forest have a significant impact on the intensity of water erosion and landslides processes, as well as peak flows and resulting flood risk in lower locations; 5) roads and skid trails leading along the slope gradient and directly crossing roads and streams intensify further both erosion and the deposition of sediments into streams; 6) the network of forest roads may contribute by up to several percent to increases in peak flows, as well as the resulting flash floods; 7) in the years immediately following clear-cutting, a two- to four-fold increase in the frequency of large flooding events is to be anticipated; 8) annual streamflow usually increases significantly where at least 20% of the tree basal area in a forest is removed; 9) the return of the hydrological system to its pre-harvest state is extremely slow (lasting up to 80 years); 10) there has recently been no universal confirmation of previously demonstrated associations between streamflow increase in mountain catchments and reductions in plant cover.
Three isolated massifs in the Sudetes, Central Europe, are elevated sufficiently high to allow for the development of the treeline ecotone. These are the Karkonosze/Krkonoše in the West Sudetes and Hruby Jeseník and MasywŚnieżnika/Králický Sněžnik in the East Sudetes. The upper limit of closed tree stands (i.e. timberline) is located at c. 1250 m a.s.l. on average in the Krkonoše, but with significant variability spanning more than 500 m. In theEast Sudetes the respective elevation is higher, above 1300 m a.s.l., and the variability is smaller. While temperature is the primary factor governing the uppermost tree stands, second-order climatic factors play an importantrole in shaping treeline ecotone position, particularly wind and snow accumulation patterns. Active surface processes such as debris flows and snow avalanches force the timberline to descend and account for its locallyvery irregular course. There is a history of long-term human impact on the position of the timberline, with its peak in the 17-19th centuries when high-mountain meadows were extensively used for grazing and haymaking.In the last century the overall trend of timberline ascent associated with abandonment of agricultural land and temperature rise has been interrupted by the episode of catastrophic forest decline due to air pollution.
Through revolting on the 14 of January 2011, Tunisians showed their rejection of the political, economic and social system. In fact, the political system was locked since their independence in 1956 and especially during the presidency of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1987–2011). Nevertheless, some local development systems or local populations used their entrepreneurship and have established an "anti-system" which marks their response to the system imposed by the State. Therefore, in this paper we have chosen to consider two cases of local development through self-help. The first case concerns agriculture and will be illustrated by Ghannouch, northof the town of Gabes. The second case will concern fishing and will be demonstrated in the Kerkennah islands in the Mediterranean Sea, in front of the city of Sfax. The Ghannouchis faced the narrowness of their agriculturalland, and the Kerkennians faced the narrowness of their marine horizon. The Ghannouchis intensified their agriculture through jumping and land reclamation to gain new areas away from their essential space. Nevertheless, the Kerkennians remained closely linked to fishing with considerable efforts to pursue fishing campaigns in the Gulf of Gabes and away from their seas. These results are verified by field surveys and confirmed by diachronic images from Google Earth.
Timberline ecotone (TE) generally developed because the temperatures in the environment were too low. There are other overlapping biotic and abiotic factors which affect the TE. The main aim of this work was to determinehow the asymmetry of Babia Góra’s ridge influences the location and characteristics of the timberline ecotone nowadays, and how the ridge influenced the timberline ecotone in the mid-20th century. The asymmetryof environmental conditions means the timberline has formed in two extreme environments: on the sunny and gentle southern slope (40% of the timberline length) and on the cold, humid, steep northern slope (another40% of the timberline length). The southern slope of the ridge shows a progressive timberline length of 86%. In turn, 81% of the timberline on the northern slope is in a stable ecotone.
Today, knowledge is a fundamental development factor in all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. However, the specific nature of agriculture affects farmers’ opportunities to acquire knowledge due to their reduced mobility. Due to the surface character of agriculture, and the point and concentrated nature of traditional sources of knowledge, they have difficult access to them. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between the level of farmers’ qualifications and the economic efficiency of the farms they manage. This relationship is presented at four spatial and structural scales: (1) European Union, (2) Poland in the whole population of farms, (3) Poland in the population of the most marketable farms, (4) Poland in the diversified population of farms. On the basis of the conducted analyses, it can be stated that regardless of the spatial scale of the research, a general and strong regularity has been confirmed: the economic effects of farm activities (or, more broadly, their economic potential) are correlated with the level of education of people who work or manage them. Not forgetting the great influence on economic condition of farms of such factors as agrarian structure, dominant form of land use, level of specialization, agroecological conditions or physical size of farms, it should be clearly emphasized that knowledge is currently one of the key factors conditioning high management efficiency in agriculture.
Today, the development of river beds is shaped, not only by natural processes and phenomena, but also by anthropogenic impact. An acquaintanceship with the specifics of a bed system facilitates understanding of underlying mechanisms, allowing for both the protection of the natural environment and the management of flood risk. Work described here sought to determine the morphodynamics of the river bed along the regulated part of the Skawa (Fig. 1), i.e. in its lower, lowland reaches. Achievement of this aim was made possible by the identification of: morphogenetically uniform sections of the river, and factors intensifying sectional “rewilding” of its bed, with islands and central outwashes raking shape in consequence (Kamykowska et al., 2012). The typology referred to was based on the method for plotting a river bed after Kamykowska et al. (1999). Plotting proper was preceded by field observation, in line with which the Skawa bed was divided into 29 sections. The specified sections were then plotted by reference to a records book (Krzemień, 2012). Parameters obtained then provided for the typological analysis in fact identifying 12 morphogenetic sections of river bed (Fig. 2, line XII), as classified into 4 types differing in terms of the dominant process (Table 1). From among the 12 morphogenetic sections of river bed identified, the transport process dominates in 6 (river bed types A and B, Table 1). While it was mainly transport that characterised section 1 (assigned to type A); in section 5 transport and redeposition were observed (giving type B). The remaining 6 sections are in turn dominated by lateral erosion and redeposition (types C and D respectively), with these processes assuming high intensities in 2 (type D). The sections currently identified as transporting and eroding-redepositing do not present stable forms. Rather, the presence of unstable shore protections and construction of new ones (through bed regulation at Jaroszowice) combine with the upcoming start of operations of the dam at Świnna Poręba to force the bed to adjust constantly to new flow conditions. The operation of “Lake Mucharskie” (actually a reservoir) is in turn expected to increase vertical erosion. In the sections currently modelled by intense lateral erosion and redeposition (two multi-stream sections), morphological processes are expected to transform the river bed until it becomes a wide waterway area of the kind natural for that section of the valley, albeit currently narrowed to the river bed banks. The analysis of types of river bed along the lower Skawa points to the protected sections, dominated by transport, being the most susceptible to the rapid, significant transformations that may occur as a result of the destruction of rubble riprap.
Today, the primary role in the socio-economic development is played by local resources understood as a potential related to social and territorial systems at regional and local level. One of such resources comprises material and spiritual content associated with a particular religious belief. Religion has always been an important factor for local development. The increasing number of pilgrims led to establishing a settlement and gradually over time a town and vice versa a decrease in pilgrimage became a cause of economic decline and social degradation of a given locality. The main aim of this article is to identify the Shrine of the Birth and Baptism of St. Sister Faustina in Świnice Warckie associated with the cult of Divine Mercy and its importance in the economic development and inhabitants’ life in a small rural locality of Świnice Warckie. The article referred to religious and social essence of worship and sanctuary and importance of Świnice Warckie, among other iconic destinations of this type. The forms regarding the practice of this religious cult were recognized as well as its impact on economic and social life of inhabitants.
Today the universal and secure supply of energy is facing profound changes and challenges in European regions. Recent updates on energy policies in the EU propel the decentralization of energy generation driven by citizens’ engagement, fueling scientific debates on how inclusive these new frameworks really are. We look back at all four legislative ‘Energy packages’ of the EU (1996, 2003, 2009, 2019) with a focus on the Clean Energy Package 2019. Did the changes towards completing a common internal market for energy and reacting to the climate crisis affect standards of SGI provision, such as availability, accessibility, affordability, quality and variety?
Tourism continues to be one of the world’s largest industries and its total impact is impressive. This economic sector has boasted virtually uninterrupted growth over time, despite occasional shocks, demonstrating its strength and resilience. In 2017, it contributed to 10% of the global GDP. For this reason, in the UNWTO Tourism Highlights (2017) it has been called a key to development, prosperity and well-being. However, some negative issues and social problems, like alcoholism, deterioration of local tradition or teen prostitution, triggered by uncontrolled development of tourism industry are often silenced. The real nature of the relationship between tourism and regional socio-economic growth is of particular importance to local authorities and policy makers. Nowadays, about 80% of local authorities in Poland perceive tourism as a basic or complementary direction of socio-economic development, as researched by A. Pawlikowska-Piechotka (2013). Therefore, the main aim of this study was to answer the question how tourism is perceived by local authorities of rural communes in the Pomorskie Voivodeship and to what extend its development is deliberately planned in their strategic documents. In order to achieve such an objective, the author analysed current strategic documents issued by 74 rural communes using computer and context analysis methods. The author analysed more than 5860 pages in total. Special attention was paid to two selected sections of the documents: strategic and operational objectives as well as the SWOT analysis. These were analysed in the context of tourism development. The research has revealed that examined documents are not an effective and sufficient tool for tourism development as they are too general and lacking realistic goals to be evaluated in the future.
Tourism geographies are a vibrant field of scientific inquiry. Despite this, it is obvious that the sub-discipline is met with disinterest within geography departments, at the same time as tourism geographers are welcomed and acknowledged within the wider tourism community. This article offers some reflections and an institutional perspective on the tourism–geography nexus. This is accomplished by reviewing the institutional and geographical affiliations of authors in the journal Tourism Geographies. It is shown that tourism geographies are successful globally, but for various reasons are increasingly marginalized within geography departments. Hence, it is concluded that tourism geographies seem to be moving out of geography departments, which may turn out to deprive students of learning about the geography of a major driver of global and regional change.
Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing branches of the economy in the world. In Poland, such phenomenon is particularly observed in cities and environmentally attractive areas. Despite its richness and diversity, historical and cultural potential of the Polish rural areas is relatively weakly considered in the development of tourism. Meanwhile, tourism offers a chance for the development of rural areas and to solve their contemporary problems. Development of the tourist function is however conditioned by adjustment of rural areas to the purposes of tourism in the scope of revitalization processes. The Lubelskie Voivodeship is characterized by considerable prevalence of rural areas and occurrence of all typical associated issues, intensified by the region’s peripheral character. Such location, however, can prove to be an asset in tourism development. Cultural values combined with weakly transformed natural environment provide for considerable potential of the area. Conducting revitalization of rural areas towards the development of tourism largely depends on the possibilities of obtaining EU financial support. Since Poland’s accession to the EU, i.e. 2004, beneficiaries from rural areas of the Lubelskie Voivodeship have implemented projects of more than 1.5 billion PLN. In the new financial perspective for the years 2014-2020, rural communes of the Lubelskie Voivodship have submitted 48 applications for co-financing revitalization measures, corresponding to 25% of communes. Thus, revitalization measures in rural areas are still not broadly implemented. This fact is confirmed by the survey performed by the Authors. The study also showed that measures for tourism development are not of priority importance, but rather supplementary to revitalization projects. The planned undertakings usually have the nature of single investment projects, particularly related to tourist and recreation infrastructure. The contribution of original, interesting projects aimed at creating tourist offer based on local tradition and culture is marginal. A negative phenomenon is also lack of strategic and complex measures aimed at tourism development. These would enhance stipulating investment in the tourist base and products, along with educational and support measures for the local community (i.e. residents’ inclusion in tourist entrepreneurship). These findings suggest that next to financial support, the main need of the rural environment in terms of activating revitalization processes in terms of tourism development is extensive education and conceptual support.
Tourism represents one of the economic sectors with major implications in the sustainable development of the mountain areas. The tourists’ perception regarding the image of the tourist destinations is a key requirement that all the stakeholders in tourism have to take into account, due to its major role in shaping and directing the tourist flows and in the development of local communities, by extension. In terms of methodology, the questionnaire method was used in this study, with a face-to-face implementation technique. Among others, the questionnaire had targeted the degree of knowledge concerning Bihor Mountain destination, the tourist consumer habits and the tourists’ perception related to the quality-price ratio because of tourist consumption. The results show that most of the respondents have stated that they have not visited Bihor Mountain Tourist Destination for the first time, coming back here even several times a year because of its multiple tourist attractions and the extremely convenient quality-price ratio. All these show a positive perception of the majority of tourists regarding the visited destination, being materialised in an increased flow of visitors and the beneficial effects on the local economy and the preservation of the mountain areas.
traditional banking
Traffic noise is an inherent element of contemporary societies’ life. Its volume systematically increases as the car number is growing and the road network is developed. Traffic noise, especially road-induced noise, is so widespread in our environment that it is hard to isolate ourselves from it. This paper presents the results of acoustic climate studies conducted in the vicinity of selected road sections in Poland: national road DK8 in the vicinity of Budzisko and Augustów, S8 road near Wyszków and at the final stretch of DK 8 in the vicinity of Kudowa-Zdrój. The studies also covered two areas adjacent to A1 motorway in the vicinity of Kamionek and Pelplin and next to road DK 91, which runs in parallel to A1 motorway. Acoustic climate studies were also carried out along A4 motorway and national road DK 94 in the vicinity of Lewin Brzeski. Measurements were made along the Buszyce–Magnuszewice profile. Noise measurements were made on a total of 11 profiles. The analysis covered certain features of the acoustic climate (equivalent sound level, its maximum and minimum values and duration of noise of a given level). Acoustic climate features were compared with data on traffic intensity and vehicle type structure along the road sections under analysis. The paper also discusses sound propagation in the vicinity of transport routes and the impact of local environment characteristics (landscape relief and humidity) on noise propagation. Possible noise level reduction means to be applied in the vicinity of roads are also discussed.
Transformations occurring in rural areas are caused by a variety of factors of internal (arising directly from conditions of a particular area) or external (independent of analyzed area) nature. These evoke pronounced changes in rural landscape, including its basic element, the village. Varied effects of transformation are visible in the village’s image and unfortunately, they are most often negative. As an aftermath, one observes obliteration of the place’s tradition, distinctiveness and regional specificity of rural areas. Taking action for rural renewal or revitalization requires a series of research and analysis to identify sources of the problems occurring in the village. Regarding diagnosis for village state, a special emphasis is put upon territorial, natural and social conditions. In turn, the process of developing recovery strategy, its initiation and implementation necessarily requires involvement of local community. Identification of rural landscape distinguishing features in the analysis procedure serves to clarify the vision for the development of a given area. Distinguishing marks of the rural landscape can become the basis or inspiration in developing the concept of revitalization, at the same time preserving village’s historical assets. The article presents the above mentioned issues and considers the differences between rural renewal and revitalization. Discussion is based upon data acquired by the means of conducted analysis concerning two villages located in the Opolskie Voivodeship: Złotogłowice and Różyna.
Transformations that occur in Polish rural areas also impact tourism and recreation enterprises. Initiation of rural development programmes successfully activates processes of modernisation in many fields of social and economic life, including the material base (infrastructure), which is an essential element in the functioning of settlement systems. The aim of this study is to present selected results of the expert analysis of 50 Polish villages, which are characterised by a high concentration of cultural values – material, institutional and spiritual. The assessment of a group of rural settlements was meant to determine the potential for creating the Network of the Most Interesting Villages. The article presents the factual basis for such evaluation, the differentiation in groups of villages according to selected traits, especially those describing the infrastructural plane for developing the tourism and recreational functions. The recipe for success includes many elements. The most important ones include attractive spatial configuration in which there is no shortage of central locations that are the focus of educational and recreational functions, the social awareness of the value of one’s own heritage and the ability to describe it (the purpose of stay), the existence of long-lasting institutions referring to the historical memory and communal activities, the ability to create the media for narration placed in the internal environment, somewhat-formed path of its own development based on own resources (developed tourism functions), as well as participation in local and regional network of town with varying functions, and natural and anthropogenic environmental values (tourist regions).
Transport is an integral part of tourism and the latter would not function without the development of the former. The issue of transport accessibility is of particular importance, when it comes to both reaching an area and the possibilities for moving around within it. A lack of convenient transport possibilities diminishes the tourist potential of a given area. Public transport is essential in naturally-valuable areas. Because of the massive development of tourism and its negative effects on the environment, sustainable development principles assume importance and questions arise regarding the limits of tourism’s development. The aim of this paper was to answer a specific question of relevance to the above, i.e. does the regression of public transport in the naturally-valuable areas that are Poland’s Low Beskid (Beskid Niski) and Bieszczady Mountains lead to unsustainable development? The authors carried out a questionnaire survey and analysed changes in the public-transport network between 2019 and 1990. Questionnaires were addressed to tourists visiting these mountains and included questions on accessibility to these mountain regions in the first place, as well as the possibilities for moving around within them. A database of public-transport timetables (valid as of the beginning of 2019) was created to analyse connections on an average working day, as well as during the weekends or holidays that are of special importance from the point of view of tourists. The survey results suggest that we may be dealing with the phenomenon of forced motorisation in tourism. In the case of the Low Beskids, and especially the Bieszczady Mountains, we can talk about a certain impoverishment of the offer regarding transport, with this ensuring – even during the holiday season – that tourists are forced to use private cars both on their way into the mountains and while travelling around within them. The interest tourists show in the Low Beskids, and especially the Bieszczady Mountains, has increased very markedly over the last 30 years. Unfortunately, the development of the offer as regards public transport has not merely failed to match that, but has followed an opposing trend. Scheduled bus and minibus services have stopped reaching many mountain villages. While these still reached many destinations as of 2019, they did so less often, or were confined to school days, hence implying a basic unsuitability for use in tourism. The role of rail transport in the studied area is marginal. Overall, the results obtained mediate against any possibility of truly sustainable development of transport in the area under study. Nevertheless, with a view to such a model for sustainable transport in the area studied being provided, the authors have sought to make certain recommendations. A favourable situation as regards this tourist region’s accessibility by public transport from places of residence is of course a precondition for any decision-making choice when it comes to selecting modes of travel that potential or actual tourists are in a position to make. Furthermore, direct connections will be important conditioners of desirable decisions, as will be timetables better tailored to the particular needs of tourists. As regards the making of transfers, greater frequency of connections and shorter travel times are further favourable aspects. On the other hand, it is important that the impact of individual motorisation around tourist destinations (or whole regions) should be limited, with this achievable where overall priority is assigned to scheduled public transport (as inevitably enjoying partial support from regional authorities).
Treelines have long been recognized as important ecotones and likely harbingers of climate change. However, over the last century many treelines have been affected not only by global warming, but also by the interactions of climate, forest disturbance and the consequences of abrupt demographic and economic changes. Recent research has increasingly stressed how multiple ecological, biophysical, and human factors interact to shape ecological dynamics. Here we highlight the need to consider interactions among multiple drivers to more completely understand and predict treeline dynamics in Europe.
Two events exerted an essential influence on the development of collaboration in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) in the 21st century, namely: extension of the EU in 2004, due to which Baltic Sea became the inner sea of the EU (except for the Russian coast), and the elaboration and implementation in 2009 of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, which established the framework for the contemporary deepening of cooperation among the Baltic states inside the EU structures. The initially adopted model of cooperation concentrated on the key environmental issues, to then get extended towards the policy domain, including the transborder policies (institutional cooperation), as well as transport and economic connections (Palmowski, 2017). The article, while following the stream of the current studies of the BSR as an economic region, tries to fill the gap of complexity and dynamism of development processes, concerning the scale and intensity of mutual economic relations in relation to BSR. Thus, the article presents the basic aspects, associated with the introduction of the macroregional strategies in the EU and a short description of the economic integration process of the BSR. Analysis is presented of the most important regularities regarding trade exchange between the countries of the BSR, with consideration of the quantitative changes (volume, dynamics), and of the structural ones (specialization of trade in goods and services), as well as the trade linkages at the local level, as seen from the perspective of Polish exports (case study). International comparisons are based primarily on the economic data on foreign trade in goods and in services. The analysis concentrates on the assessment of the transformations in the years 2011 2019 (for trade in services: 2011 2018), that is – already after the establishment of the Strategy and the period of recession, resulting from the global crisis of 2008. In the course of the recent years the changes in the trade linkages considered brought a significant increase in the volume of trade, both concerning goods and services (46.3%), which confirms the initial proposition of the deepening integration within the BSR. Yet, this process takes place in a spatially uneven manner, and it is significantly stronger for the trade in goods than for the services. Internal trade inside the region accounts for as much as 23.7% of the total trade of the BSR countries (this share for the EU countries amounting to 60.0%). Nowadays, the internal trade with the BSR countries is of the highest importance for the small economies of the Baltic states, which is partly due to their intermediate position between Western Europe and Eastern Europe (including, especially, Russia). The analysis of the spatial development of trade with the Nordic countries at the local level in Poland demonstrates the persistence of the applicability and popularity of the gravity models in the study of regula ities, associated with the development of export relations; for the local economies the distance to the sales market and the local economic base are the essential factors, differentiating the magnitude and the significance of exports, in this case – to the Nordic countries. The macroregional Strategy might be treated as a new form of diversified integration within the EU, while the elaborated instruments of the policy and the strategy implementation process can be seen as the response to the need of the cohesion policy, dedicated to the particular areas of supranational dimensions (Gänzle & Kern, 2016). The BSR is strongly internally differentiated, this statement applying to economic, social and demographic aspects (Kubka, 2018). Moreover, it can be expected that the region will remain a heterogeneous area (Laaser & Schrader, 2002), also in terms of the regional trade patterns. Thereby, new questions arise, concerning the further process of economic integration and the specificity of cooperation in the framework of the BSR.
The UHI phenomenon was studied in a medium size city in the North-East of Italy and the results are reported in this paper. Experimental measurements were carried out during the summer of 2012, measuring the main thermo-hygrometric variables by mobile survey and also the mean radiant temperature in characteristic sites of the city area: the historic centre, high and low density populated residential zones, the industrial zone and the rural zone. Two simulation models were used in order to calculate the effect of some mitigation strategies on UHI intensity and outdoor thermal comfort indexes for four typical days of the year.
Ukraine is going through a complex process of transformational changes. It occurs under the Russian aggression in Donbas and Crimea occupation and with simultaneous aggravation in the global geopolitical situation, emergence of the new confrontation lines and conflicts. Due to some complex factors, Ukraine has overcome a significant number of challenges, including the one in the area of spatial development. The today’s consequences include among others significant polarization of regional development as well as urgent problems of specific areas development (remote regions, coastal zones and mountain area). The paper’s objective is to analyze the framework conditions and key features of spatial integration of Ukraine as a basis for Sustainable Spatial Development Strategy implementation.
The unprecedented growth of immigration into Poland after 2013, especially from Ukraine, raises optimism among employers, and concerns among some social and political actors. The goal of this article is to contribute to that discussion, with a view to identifying a detailed geographical localisation of labour migrants employed under the simplified procedure (on the basis of employers’ declarations of a consent to employ a foreigner) – as an important legal channel by which the influx of foreign workers into Poland is taking place. Analyses of the register of declarations for 2012-2017 reveal a certain weakening of the geographical concentration of the foreign labour force in Poland. The highest intensity of foreign employment has been observed in rural areas, while the greatest numbers of declarations for work have been registered in large cities. The geographical distribution of the foreign labour force in Poland has been shaped by activities of employment agencies especially in recent years.
Until very recently at least, modern society has been characterised by its increased mobility in both the short and long terms. Furthermore, this has been true of both domestic and international trips. The latter kind of mobility is addressed in the present article, which aims to cover relevant changes as they affected Polish people through the 2007‑2017 period. Against that background, particular attention has been paid to modal split in border traffic, with the changes involved presented in relation to supply with infrastructure and transport services. The article uses author’s own data, from research taking in a representative group of 1000 Polish adults (with the sample adjusted appropriately in relation to gender, and membership of the 18‑29, 30‑44, 45‑59 and 60 and over age groups, as well as place of residence: be that village, town of up to 50,000 inhabitants, city of 50‑200,000 inhabitants, city of more than 200,000 inhabitants, and Warsaw). The analysis did not encompass border areas, given the specific nature of the traffic there (and in this way it was possible to eliminate a large part of the daily movement taking place internationally (for the purposes of work, shopping, etc.), but in truth now representing short-term mobility within a region resided in (or else daily mobility using the classification after Kaufmann, 2005). At the same time, by imposing no distance limitations except those relating to border areas, the study retained a capacity to approximate the international part of genuine short-term mobility beyond the region inhabited. Nevertheless, most of the flows under analysis can be regarded as corresponding with the long-distance travel documented in the subject literature. However, the limit value for this kind of journey is set variously, e.g. at 50 miles one-way (Dargay and Clark, 2012), 100 km (Nordenholz et al., 2017), or 100 miles (Mokhtarian et. al., 2001). The configuration of near-border units in Poland is such that the research detailed also takes in slightly shorter transfers, given a limit values of around 30‑50 km in one direction. The aforementioned consideration of changes affecting Poles’ international mobility took in: frequency of travel, target destination (direction), place of crossing of the state border (section of border crossed), modes of transport, motivation, and duration. The work took account of a few basic categories of motivations for travel, i.e. on business (in relation to both hired labour and work on a person’s own account), for the purposes of education, tourism and holiday-related, visits to family and friends (thus treated as a motivation distinct from tourism) and shopping-related (usually in connection with small-scale border trade based around single-day visits). The work was carried out in 2018, but in relation to the years 2007 and 2017. 2007 is a targeted choice, with this being the last year before Poland’s Schengen Zone accession, hence a likely influence on both the dimensions and structure characterising international mobility. Research was done using the CATI method. The subjects of analysis were numbers of instances of international travel engaged in (as opposed to the numbers of people participating in transboundary flows). The work revealed an increase in the foreign mobility of Poles. The main motivator here was tourist travel and visits, as followed by goals associated with professional work and the visiting of family and friends. The modes of transport utilised most frequently were the aeroplane or private car, albeit with the former the subject of a major increase in share, even as the latter declined slightly in proportionate terms. There was a considerable reduction in the amount of travel achieved by coach (bus). At the time of study, Poles’ main destination countries for trips taken (under all motivations combined) were Germany, Czechia and Spain. Travel by Poles to eastern neighbour countries accounts for a very small share of all movement.
The upper forest line transition zone up to the mountain pine zone on the southern slopes of Babia Góra, has diversified phytosociology and soils. The development and diversity of the upper forest soils are affectedby morphogenetic processes, physiographic conditions, vegetation, and anthropogenic factors which in the past included sheep grazing. An analysis conducted on the morphological and chemical soil properties in thetransects covering the upper forest line, transition, and mountain pine zone on the southern slopes of Babia Góra revealed considerable diversification characterising these soils within the individual altitude zones.A substantial changeability in the contents of the analysed components in the investigated soils is characteristic for mountain soils developed in the areas with great intensity of slope phenomena and processes.
The upper sections of avalanche paths (avalanche starting zones) in the Tatras are being transformed by morphogenetic processes, both secular and rapid mass movements, which include avalanches. The erosion niches and scars occurring within the avalanche starting zones are most exposed to these processes. A three-year monitoring of the impacts of these processes leads to the conclusion that, in the absence of dirty avalanches, the efficiency of secular geomorphological processes is low (max. a few cm/year). Such avalanches can clearly transform the relief as is demonstrated by the results of analyses of erosion niches and scars on orthophotomaps. Furthermore, it was found that the direction of relief changes (accumulation or erosion) in the Tatras is spatially and temporally varied, as well as varying within individual avalanche starting zones, and sometimes within individual erosion niches or scars.
Urban areas account for around 50% of global solid waste generation. In the last decade, the European Union has supported numerous initiatives aiming at reducing waste generation by promoting shifts towards Circular Economy (CE) approaches. Governing this process has become imperative. This article focuses on the results of a governance analysis of six urban regions in Europe involved in the Horizon 2020 project REPAiR. By means of semi-structured interviews, document analysis and workshops with local stakeholders, for each urban area a list of governance challenges which hinder the necessary shift to circularity was drafted. In order to compare the six cases, the various challenges have been categorized using the PESTEL-O method. Results highlight a significant variation in policy contexts and the need for these to evolve by adapting stakeholders’ and policy-makers’ engagement and diffusing knowledge on CE. Common challenges among the six regions include a lack of an integrated guiding framework (both political and legal), limited awareness among citizens, and technological barriers. All these elements call for a multi-faceted governance approach able to embrace the complexity of the process and comprehensively address the various challenges to completing the shift towards circularity in cities.
Urban metabolism is a multi-disciplinary approach to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate resource flows in urban systems, which aims to provide important insights into the dynamics of cities to make them more ecologically responsible. It has been also introduced into the urban design domain, however most of the attempts concern only tracking of energy and/or material flows to reduce environmental impacts by redesigning closed loops in a specific area. The hypothesis of this paper is that the concept of urban metabolism, and its indicators, could play an important role in advancing the science and practice related to sustainability in urban design and development. At the moment, however we lack indicators to support evaluation of urban design related decisions from the perspective of urban metabolism. The aim of this paper is to explore the application of urban metabolism indicators in urban design based on their characteristics. It reviews development periods of the concept and analytical models of urban metabolism, in order to identify crucial urban metabolism indicators for urban design. Next, these urban metabolism indicators are classified regarding type of analytical model, accounting method, indicator type, and indicator level. Finally, several suggestions are offered on how to integrate urban metabolism indicators into urban design. In addition, directions for future research on the topic are discussed.
Urban planners are increasingly paying more attention to the topic of UHI. Within the framework of the EU-UHI Project, an industrial area inside the municipality of Modena was selected as a pilot-area for the Emilia-Romagna Region. In this paper we present some results obtained with RayMan, a model which estimates bioclimatic discomfort based on the human radiative budget. Some simulations of the impact of mitigation measures have been carried out, taking into account the insertion of greenery and building modifications. Both intra-diurnal and whole day effects have been compared.
Urban ruination is an understudied feature in the life of cities. This article discusses its causes. Based on the study of four shrinking Portuguese cities (Lisbon, Barreiro, Guimarães and Vizela), and using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis as the statistical method, the structure of relationships among ruins, economic change, demographic change, social geography and the characteristics of buildings are discussed. Although the study concludes that ruination is a highly contingent phenomenon, the results show that of all the structural factors, demographic ageing and the obsolescence of buildings (poor housing conditions) are the key causes of ruination in the four cities under study. Links between ruination and socio-spatial processes have also been identified.
Urban shrinkage, characterised by long-term demographic, socio-economic and spatial changes, has been studied extensively, including via research into causes, typologies, and planning responses. However, while understanding and measuring urban shrinkage processes is crucial if policymakers are to respond adequately to cities’ challenges, multi-criterion studies on shrinkage trajectories are still required for the spatiotemporal complexity to be captured correctly. This study reviews methods by which urban shrinkage is studied and concludes with a selection of multi-criterion methods that offer more in-depth insight than population-based methods. Finally, a multicriteria analysis, adapted from Milbert (2015), is applied to measure urban shrinkage in Poland in the years 2006 to 2021. This incorporates six variables with a view to shrinking and growing cities being assessed and assigned to one of five categories. The research provides insights into Poland’s most recent urban shrinkage processes. Results show that, over the analysed period, urban shrinkage was a phenomenon that increased and intensified in Poland, affected a growing number of urban centres of medium size, and was to be noted on the peripheries of metropolitan areas. Such research outcomes contribute to a better understanding of urban shrinkage in Poland, provide a basis for further research, and inform policymakers as they seek to formulate more-targeted strategies to address the specific challenges that urban shrinkage raises. <br>
Urban streams have recently become an important topic of diversified scientific research. This reflects their ecological and recreational significance. It is well known that progressive urbanisation in large cities poses a threat to natural ecosystems like bodies of water and watercourses. Changes in stream morphology caused by regulation and inflows from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants influence water quality and interfere with the water cycle. The 65.3 km2 catchment of the Służewiecki Stream is located in the south-western part of Warsaw. It flows 17.1 km through five districts of the capital city and is the largest tributary of the River Vistula in the Warsaw area. Due to a huge (86.8%) contribution of built-up areas, including land associated with communications, industry and commerce, the stream is under a constant, wide-ranging anthropopressure. Upstream, from source to outlet from the Airport rainwater treatment plant, the Służewiecki Stream flows mainly through an underground channel. However, downstream there is a significant modification introduced in the catchment thanks to two artificial bodies of water (called Staw Wyścigi and Staw Służewiecki). The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and seasonal variability of selected quality parameters of water in the Służewiecki Stream catchment. Research sought to identify changes in physical and chemical parameters along the Stream and its two tributaries, as well as to determine seasonal variation in these parameters. For those purposes, the field investigations run from November 2017 through to October 2018, over a regular two-week cycle, involved water temperature, oxygen saturation, conductivity and pH. A monthly cycle was in turn applied in determining concentrations of nitrates and phosphates. Measurements were conducted at 11 sites across the catchment, of which nine (P1-P9) were along the Stream itself, and two (D1, D2) on its largest tributaries (the Rów Grabowski and Kanał Wolicki). Measurement sites were selected to ensure assessment of the impacts of various forms of anthropopressure on the selected water-quality parameters; with the Warsaw Airport rainwater treatment plant and two artificial bodies of water considered to influence most. On the basis of the data obtained, magnitude and variability parameters were calculated, while the similarity of measurement sites was determined using the Ward agglomeration method. Additionally, in August 2018, field investigation of aquatic vegetation was carried out, indicating the presence of five species of macrophyte along the Służewiecki Stream. The results indicate that the physico-chemical regime along the Służewiecki Stream is mostly disturbed by the two artificial bodies of water, which interrupt the natural continuum of the river. Thermal and oxygen conditions undergo the greatest transformation. The bodies of water also cause a change in phosphate concentration due to their bioaccumulation and immobilisation of ions. However, tributaries and the operation of the Airport rainwater treatment plant also exert a significant impact on spatial variability to investigated parameters along the Służewiecki Stream. Seasonal differentiation in physico-chemical characteristics was mainly related to meteorological conditions, the vegetative cycle of photosynthetic organisms and changes in anthropopressure. Most of the tested parameters displayed a clear seasonal cycle, though the exceptions were nitrate and phosphate, whose cycles reflect the impact of various, independent factors, such as hydrological conditions, decomposition processes and wastewater inflow.
The urgency of reforming the Ukraine’s regional policy is connected with political and economic challenges, which threaten security of the Ukraine’s territorial integrity, as well as with the need to implement the key provisions of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. Reforming the regional policy involves introduction of a new ideology in the state administration for regional development, local self-government and territorial organization of power in Ukraine based on the principle of subsidiarity. The reform provides transformation of the existing two-tier Ukraine’sterritorial structure to three level structure according to NUTS 1, NUTS 2, NUTS 3. Introduction of NUTS in Ukraine can be considered as one of the important steps towards enabling the Ukraine’s accession to the single European Statistical System, which will provide a unified, transparent and effective model of statistical monitoring and based on it – implementation of an effective regional policy.
UTCI, although it was developed with the participation of scientists from 22 countries, it has shortcomings and people using it face various obstacles. The difficulties include wide range of issues: from different availability of meteorological data in individual countries, through the kind of air temperature which should be properly used in calculations, or the need of recalculation of wind speed. However the biggest subject concern algorithms for mean radiant temperature (Mrt) calculations, different models and programs which simplify calculations of this complex index though introduce different approximations and, as a result, many false results. The paper presents also wide range of UTCI applications in urban bioclimate studies and bioclimatic mapping, climate-human health researches and biometeorological forecasts which were the primary purpose of the index creation, but also applications in tourism and recreation or even in bioclimate change analysis.
The variation of water velocity in an artificial dam reservoir is influenced not only by the inflow discharge, but also by the bathymetry of the reservoir and the water level at the dam. The depiction of spatially complex variations in flow velocity through a reservoir would not be possible without the use of hydrodynamic models. A reliable hydrodynamic model of the reservoir is an effective tool for predicting and analyzing changes in the reservoir geoecosystem in an age of changing climate and risk of water stress. A depth-averaged two-dimensional AdH model was used to visualize the hydrodynamics of the Włocławek Reservoir. Running the model for eight different hydrological conditions delivered consistent results and allowed to calibrate the model parameters. Additionally, it provided a way to verify the data regarding the rating curve of the Vistula River upstream the reservoir.
Various shapes are taken on by the bedrock outcrops emerging from regolith cover, typically described using the generic term ‘crag’ or ‘tor’. Consequently, specific terms have been proposed to account for this variety. Among these outcrops are those consisting of a narrow lower part (stem) and a wider upper part (cap), resembling a mushroom. In English, they are named pedestal rocks if built of hard, well-lithified rock; or hoodoos if the rock is softer, but there is no established boundary line between the two. Not uncommonly, however, and perhaps less formally, they are referred to as ‘rock mushrooms’ (or mushroom rocks), to emphasise the unusual shape. In Polish, the term equivalent to ‘rock mushroom’ has been used at least since the 1930s, and appears to be a legitimate part of geomorphological vocabulary. In this paper, we present the occurrences of rock mushrooms in different lithologies, identify geological controls and review various hypotheses regarding their origin and evolution. Rock mushrooms are known from various lithological settings, although some bedrock types clearly favour their origin more than the others. First of all, these are sandstones and aconglomerates. Rock mushrooms are up to 10 m high, whereas height proportions between the stem and the cap vary, resulting in a great variety of specific shapes, from large monoliths on low (<1 m) pedestals to tiny caps on top of slender stems >5 m high. In Poland, the north-eastern part of the Stołowe Mountains abounds in rock mushrooms developed in Upper Cretaceous sandstones; but they also occur in other parts of the Sudetes, where Cretaceous sandstones crop out; and in the flysch Carpathians. Specific variants of rock mushrooms in clastic rocks include those related to non-uniform silification of sandy sediments (e.g. Fontainebleau Forest, France) or secondary ferruginisation of sandstone beds (e.g. Kokořinsko, Czechia). Rock mushrooms are also known from limestone and dolomite terrain, with the massive forms in Ciudad Encantada, Spain, being probably the tallest known from literature. The latter are up to 15 m high and have developed within a dolomite succession. Heights above 10 m are also attained by rockmushrooms in the volcanic succession of Cappadocia, Turkey, locally described as ‘fairy chimneys’. A great variety of shapes are documented from this region, with conical caps being very common. Granite rock mushrooms are comparatively rare, and in this case a clear distinction between the stem and the cap usually proves difficult. More commonly, the outcrops assume a shape resembling the letter ‘S’ or ‘Ω’, with basal undercutting grading smoothly into a wider upper part. A specific term ‘flared slope’ has been proposed to account for this basal concavity. Finally, cap-on-stem situations typify eroded glacigenic deposits, best known from the Alps, where boulders embedded in till or outwash sediments provide a protective cap to the underlying mass. As the overall shape is often conical, the term ‘earth pyramid’ is used in some languages (e.g. Polish and German). Rock mushrooms have more than one origin, and many can in fact be polygenetic. In each case, however, rock disintegration is clearly more efficient in the basal part. The reasons for enhanced efficacy at this point vary, and include: (a) aeolian undercutting – this view prevails in primary and secondary geographical education, even as wind-abraded rock mushrooms are by no means the most common examples; (b) differential weathering related to lithological or structural heterogeneity of rock, even as the exact mechanisms of weathering may vary; (c) subsurface (subsoil) weathering (etching) leading to the origin of a narrow stem, subsequently exposed; (d) wave-undercutting in coastal settings; (e) overland flow and gully erosion – these processes are fundamental for rock-mushroom evolution in poorly-lithified deposits; (f) negative feedback between stress and erosion on exposed bedrock outcrops.
The vastness of the research on earthworm assemblages in agricultural lands focus on the comparison of agricultural treatments of different intensity. Consequently, spatial complexity of the landscape is less emphasised. Our study addresses this knowledge gap. The field study taken in West Pomeranian Lake District in Poland during four campaigns (spring and autumn) revealed that the mosaic of fields (MF) supported higher earthworm abundance than the similarly managed but homogeneous field (HF). Number and biomass of earthworm individuals both reflect the relationships with electrical conductivity, pH and in some situations also soil organic carbon and soil moisture effectively. We argue that autumn sampling is more preferable for biomonitoring.
Vegetable-growing is an important agricultural production trend in the Łódzkie Voivodeship. Its significance to the economy is emphasized in the voivodeship strategic documents, in which vegetable-growing is mentioned as one of the regional assets. Areas of its occurrence have been considered to present development potential. Vegetable cultivation in the Łódzkie Voivodeship occupies a relatively large area compared to the other regions. In years 2004–2016 the Łódzkie Voivodeship took the fourth place in terms of the area of vegetable cultivation and third place regarding share of vegetables in the sown area. Analyzed had the third largest share of vegetables in the value of total and market agricultural production. In the years 2004–2016, both the area of vegetable cultivation and the size of harvest in the Łódzkie Voivodeship decreased. The area of soil-grown vegetables cultivation decreased at an average rate of 2.9% per annum, while the size of crops decreased at an average rate of 1.0% a year. Despite the decline in the area of vegetable cultivation and the size of harvest, vegetable-growing remained an important part of the regional agricultural economy. In the analyzed period, vegetables accounted for 9.7% of the total value and 11.8% of the market value of agricultural production. Their share in the value of total and market production of agriculture, in contrast to the area and harvest, increased. The average growth rate of the share of vegetables in the value of total agricultural production was 2.9% per annum. The average growth rate of vegetables share in the value of market production was 2.1% per annum. In terms of participating in the value of total plant production, vegetables took the second place in Poland. Considering the share in the value of market production, vegetables were ranked first. The region’s vegetable growing area provides economic grounds for the functioning of the vegetable and fruit-vegetable processing industry for enterprises operating both in the Łódzkie Voivodeship and in the neighboring regions.
Village refurbishment is a method of developing rural areas, which focuses on creating developmental strategies through grassroots initiatives and engagement of all interested parties on the local, regional and national levels. This process involves bringing about living conditions for entire local communities, creative development of spaces adjusted to the modern needs and fulfilling new functions. Social and economic changes, involving living areas and their surroundings, infrastructure, open-access spaces, services and meeting the living and spiritual needs are a measurable effect of these activities. Such initiatives have been popular and widespread in the European Union for over 20 years and the financial resources from the so-called Rural Development Program have served as direct support tools. The elaborated concepts and projects, based on using local resources and qualities, have been implemented within the scope of the Program for Renewal of Rural Areas as a regional system supporting the village administrative offices. The Opolskie Voivodship has become the Polish leader in such activities. Thanks to partnership cooperation with the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, local administrative authorities implemented the first projects on the renewal of rural areas in the mid-1990s. The successful ventures were inspirational for other local authorities and while Poland accessed the European Union and new potential for financial support arrived, different projects were launched all over the country. The Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship is actively involved in the Program for Renewal of Rural Areas, which has the slogan “The countryside in Warmia, Mazury and Powiśle – a place in which life is worth living…”. This paper presents the effects of the activities undertaken by different entities aimed at improving the image of the countryside and living conditions of Wejsuny residents.
The village renewal as a development method is one of the ways to achieve development goals, understood not only as an improvement of the infrastructure quality – but in general – as an enhancement of the widely comprehended life quality, which cannot be achieved without involvement of inhabitants themselves. The aim of this article is an attempt to present the Village Renewal Programme (with the example of the Opolskie Voivodeship) as an element stimulating local communities, strengthening social capital, which can be expressed by the number of projects implemented by individual rural administrative units. To achieve this aim, the reports of the rural administrative units (about 600 a year) on the implementation of the Rural Renewal Programme (in the period of 2013–2015) were analyzed. The most important conclusion that can be drawn from the conducted research is that the Rural Renewal Programme has proved to be an effective concept and method for developing rural areas, where it has been implemented so far. By the means of this undertaking it was possible to mobilize numerous rural communities with inadequate amount of funds to initiate activities, which had been reflected in the number of implemented projects.
Village renewal has been realised in Poland via regional village renewal programmes since 1997. The programmes have differed from each other and consequently they have implemented renewal in a diverse way. Moreover, one should note that there is a dissonance between what village renewal is in practice and what it should be according to academics. The paper possesses two aims: 1) to determine characteristics of the regional village renewal programmes in Poland and to reveal how they correspond to particular village renewal dimensions (physical-spatial, economic and social), 2) to determine the extent to which the programmes refer to village renewal features and fulfil its aims in the context of the academic theory of village renewal. More than 350 regional councils and boards’ resolutions and attachments to resolutions up to and including the year 2016 have been analysed. These include regions where the village renewal programmes operated in the past or are still in operation. Where appropriate, the author contacted respective marshal offices to obtain information. Moreover, literature review has been conducted. Selected conclusions: 1) regarding general principles of the regional village renewal programmes -they are similar to each other, and the village renewal has got broad aims and contributes to each dimension, 2) the following types of the regional programmes can be identified: „incentive”, „subsidy” and mixed, 3) the general principles of the regional programmes many times overestimated the results of the operations conducted as part of the programmes, given the aims of the operations and their expenditure, 4) concerning the operations themselves, these fulfil only the physical-spatial and partly the social dimension of the renewal.
Village renewal is currently being more and more highlighted as an element of ruralspace changes, both in terms of practical and theoretical context. The way the village renewal has changed was conditioned by changing approaches to rural areas development. At the same time, the role of local resources in rural development concepts has been different and changed according to the concepts. The above-mentioned are overlaid by the issue of the use of local resources in village renewal actions. That issue has also been dynamic in the history of village renewal. There is no doubt that those three subjects (village renewal, rural development and local resources), strongly correspond to each other. We have decided to undertake the description of these relations in order to systematise the state of art in the common ground for these three issues. The main aim of the paper wasto present the embeddedness of village renewal in rural development paradigms, partly in regional/local development paradigms, and in other scientific concepts, as well as to present the role of local resources in village renewal processes over the years. The paper, based on literature review, is theoretical and open to further debate. The considerations included in the paper indicate that village renewal bases on local resources and simultaneously strengthens them. Local resources are recognised as key in regional/local development. In the light of current scientific concepts, it is a local community who shall decide about the utilisation of these resources, which could use external instruments for this purpose.
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