Skip to main menu
Skip to search engine
Skip to content
Skip to footer
en
pl
en
pl
Contrast
Login
en
pl
en
pl
Login
Contrast
Back
About project
About project
Mission
Partners and organization
Projects
Technical informations
FAQ
Copyrights
Regulations
Archive policy
Privacy policy
Declaration of availability
Contact
Collections
Collections
Publications of IGiPZ PAN and employees
Library
Books
Series/Journals/Periodics
Maps and atlases
Selected collections
Polish Geographical Society Collection
Prof. Józef Staszewski Collection
CeBaDoM - Central Database of Mills in Poland
millPOLstone - Central Millstones Database
Indexes
Indexes
Title
Subtitle
Creator
Contributor
Publisher
Place of publishing
Date issued/created
Date on-line publ.
Date copyrighted
Date available
Description
Thesis degree information
Degree name
Level of degree
Degree discipline
Degree grantor
Unified name
Other names
ID number
Type of object
Location
Location- administrative unit (former)
See the map
Hydrographic network
Century
Period (time interval)
Functioning confirmed in year
Object type
Installed capacity
Assignment
Ownership
Usage
Owner
Tenant
Miller
State of preservation- mill building
State of preservation- water/wind wheel
State of preservation- miller's settlement
State of preservation- hydraulic structures
State of preservation- dike
State of preservation- pond mill
State of preservation- mill stream
Object description
Research Manager/ Creator of Collection
Author (of drawing, photo, record)
Documentation
Subject and Keywords
Abstract
References
Relation
Citation
Volume
Issue
Start page
End page
Resource type
Format
Resource Identifier
Source
Language
Language of abstract
Coverage
Spatial coverage
Temporal coverage
Rights
Terms of use
Copyright holder
Digitizing institution
Original in
Projects co-financed by
Tags
Recently viewed
Recently viewed
Objects
Collections
RCIN Repositories
RCIN Repositories
INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
Search field
How to search...
Advanced search
MAIN PAGE
|
Indexes
Index:
Abstract
Results:
966
Abstract
Choose first letter
all
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
Search in field Abstract
Prev
of
17
Next
Snow avalanches are a common geomorphic process and natural hazard in the Southern Carpathians (Romanian Carpathians). The spatial distribution of avalanches is controlled by topographical factors, meteorological variables and human factors. This study examines the occurrence of avalanches in two glacial areas in the Făgăraş massif, Bâlea (on the northern slope) and Capra (on the southern slope). During the period from 1963 to 2015 a total of 27 serious avalanche accidents were recorded in the months November-June in the Făgăraş massif resulting in 76 fatalities and 50 burials/injuries. From these avalanches, we examined five major avalanche accidents: the avalanche of June, 1974 which caused 6 fatalities and 8 burials/injuries; the avalanche of April 17, 1977 which caused 23 fatalities; the avalanche of December 23, 1988 which caused 3 fatalities; the avalanche of December 28, 2002 which caused 4 fatalities and the avalanche of February 20, 2010 which caused one fatality and 2 burials/injuries. Our results indicate a good correlation between some topographical factors. On the other hand, an increase in snowfall and snowstorms in particular are factors responsible for one avalanche event; early snowfall and a sudden increase in temperature are factors responsible for two avalanche events and snowfall and a sudden increase in temperature are factors responsible for one avalanche event. Using the weather scenarios we found high snowstorm frequency in one case, early-season weak layers of faceted crystals and depth hoar in two cases and well above-average total snowfall for one case.
The social and political transitions taking place in Central and Eastern Europe post-1989 allowed Poland to develop cross-border cooperation with neighbouring counties. At local-government level in particular, the Czech Republic then became a key partner. Today, the Polish-Czech borderland resembles those between Poland and Germany, and between Poland and Slovakia, in constituting a model example of innovative cross-border cooperation. While the area first played hosted to Euroregions, it later also fell within European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation. And while collaboration between one local authority and another over the border has evolved particularly dynamically, as-yet untapped potential would seem to remain. Overall, this article seeks to analyse the actors currently operating across the Polish-Czech border, from a political-science perspective. These are Euroregions (of Nysa, Glacensis, Pradziad, Silesia, Cieszyn Silesia and the Beskids), as well as European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation (of Tritia and Novum), and selected units at local government level. The analysis of the transboundary entities, and those engaging in cross-border activity was of a genetic, structural and functional nature, and this facilitated the identification of similarities and differences between the actors concerned, making clear what their specifics are, and what the prospects for cooperation.
The social capital of the village of Ruś has been activated primarily in connection with the plan to launch a mining village in the vicinity of the village. Actions taken to preserve existing natural values contributed to creating a social bond between the inhabitants. Initially, the leadership of the village was taken over by the village headman of Ruś, with the support of the village council, and with time, due to the need to formalize the activities of the community, an association was established. The rise of the association, participation in the meetings and commitment to the Ruś community are important components of the emerging social capital of the countryside. New residents of Ruthenia, who have chosen this place as their home after 2000, are primarily those who have made an informed choice of "their place on earth", hence strong identification with the living space and the need to "root". High awareness of such values as the clean, unchanged natural environment, the cultural continuity of the place of residence or local ties have freed up activities that create a friendly space for the inhabitants while being open to newcomers.
Social movements in our times are being regarded as crucial collective actors, playing key role in the process of social change. In this paper agritourism movement in Poland has been the subject of deliberations. The manner, in which such movement is involved in governance results from two premises. Firstly, it is a new social movement, that is substantially determining attitude to governance and participation in politics. Secondly, organizational structure of this movement has a collectivist character. As a consequence the latter, the internal aspect of movement’s functioning is being determined by the lack of the centralized power, hierarchical structure, weak relations concerning governance and direct democracy. The analytical frame used to characterize the agritourism movement includes a set of properties broader than the common definitions of a social movement. The paper analyses such properties of the agritourism movement as interactivity, attitude towards social change and organization of the movement. The empirical part of the article is based on research involving 20 agritourism farm owners from the Małopolskie Voivodeship and 35 leaders of agritourism associations operating in Poland. The in-depth interview (IDI) technique has been applied in both cases.
Social participation, being an active involvement of citizens in managing a community, is widely recognized as the foundation of civil society. In recent years, the civic budget, also called participatory budget, has become a widespread form of encouraging inhabitants to actively participate in actions undertaken by local authorities. It has been successful primarily in large cities in Poland. However, this initiative, although on a minor scale, has also been implemented in rural areas. The research objectives of this study include: identification of rural and urban-rural communes employing civic budgeting in rural areas of Poland in 2017. Moreover, the author has identified rural municipalities taking advantage of the civic budget as a tool of social participation. Characteristics of submitted projects, including financial and structural terms have also been presented. This study is an attempt of filling the gap in the scientific literature, as the civic budget in the Polish cities is relatively well recognized, the initiative in rural areas has not yet become the subject of the research. At the same time, it should be noted that study on civic budget in rural areas is in need of further in-depth analysis.
The soil is among the most complex elements of the environment, and the world’s oldest soils have been in existence for about 3 billion years. Settlement from the earliest days of humankind’s existence on earth has involved the use of soils to produce biomass as a food source. This article draws attention to contemporary domestic and EU policies relating to soil degradation and erosion. The analysis of these policies commenced with the key problem of defi ning soil, this in fact being so complex in its nature that no exact defi nition was forthcoming for many years, this in turn hindering the taking of any more major decisions in this sphere. Implementation processes in European Union countries were affected as a consequence, as were actual steps to protect and maintain this component of the natural environment. As of the beginning of 2010, there was essentially still no operating EU defi nition of soil, but the matter began to be addressed via Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (the IED Directive). However, the non-binding European Soil Charter of 1972 did pay attention to the erosion of soil by water, and a further step towards the protection of soil from erosion came in 1981 with the World Soil Charter (FAO - UN).Soil erosion has been attended to repeatedly by the European Commission and European Parliament, though the records the above analysis sought to identify were often too general, or else enshrined nothing more than voluntary principles where the use of soil was concerned, in this way failing to contribute much to improving the situation. The long-term lack of a defi nition of soil has certainly not been irrelevant to today’s policy in the area. A further problem to which attention is drawn by the European Commission concerns a lack of reliable and accurate methods by which to research soil erosion. For this reason, it is not possible to determine the exact scale of the phenomenon.The problem of soil erosion in Poland was noticed even before accession to the Community. Contributions in this regard were made by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, whose long-term studies have sought to assess the scale of the problem and take appropriate steps to protect the soil against erosion.The article signals the problem of soil erosion which is perceived, but not addressed by policy instruments. There is a lack of consistency to both domestic policy and that of the EUwhere the approach to soil erosion is concerned, the problem being addressed in documents relating to such areas as agriculture, climate change, the protection of waters against pollution, spatial information infrastructure, farming of vegetables andfruits, forest management and even the, marking of products.The review of Polish law reveals that the emphasis is mainly on safeguarding soils against chemical changes. Not much space is devoted to mechanical changes connectedinter alia with the processes of erosion. There are now many items of both EU and Polish legislation relating to soil erosion, but the policy these relate to cannot be said to have had spectacular effects.Nevertheless, Poland does implement programmes and research projects aiming to reduce surface runoff. An example is the project “Prevention of water erosion in mountains associated with the runoff of rainwater. Maintenance of mountain streams and related infrastructure in good condition”, as implemented under the project concerning small-scale retention across the State Forests National Forest Holding.
Solar radiation is a key element of the Earth’s climate system and one of the most important variables in the energy balance of the active surface. The inflow of radiant energy to the Earth’s surface depends on the movement (circulation) of the atmosphere and on the associated changes in the amount of aerosols contained in the atmosphere as well as on cloudiness changes (which reduce the inflow of radiation to the Earth’s surface through reflection, dispersion and absorption processes). In that context, the work detailed in this paper had as its main aim a determination of the influence of atmospheric circulation on the amount of global solar radiation reaching the land surface in Poland. The research was based on source material from 1986–2015, originating from meteorological reanalyses and satellite products. Global solar radiation was analysed based on data from CM SAF satellite products, while atmospheric circulation types were designated with the use of modified version of the Lityński’s classification. Mean daily sums of radiation during individual circulation types, during A, 0, C macrotypes and on days with advection from particular directions were presented. Also the spatial distribution of radiation over the area of Poland during individual circulation types was shown. In the analyses special attention was paid to days with extremely large sums of solar radiation (above the 0.95 percentile). The largest daily sums of solar radiation are connected with anticyclonic circulation types, and the smallest ones – with cyclonic types. The largest mean daily sum of solar radiation occurs during south-western anticyclonic circulation, which is related to the significantly expanded Azores High. The smallest daily sums of solar radiation occur during cyclonic types, with advection of air masses from the north and east – in spring during NWC type, in autumn during EC type, in summer and winter during NEC type. The spatial distribution of solar radiation daily sums over the territory of Poland also depends on the circulation type. For most of the year, the circulation types with the northern and eastern components (N-NE-E) are associated with the reduction of the amount of solar radiation from north to south, while the inflow of air masses from the S-SW-W directions favours the reduction of radiation from south to north. Extremely large sums of solar radiation occur most probably during anticyclonic types with advection of air masses from SW, S and SE, and during the advectionless circulation 0A (conditional probability 0.13, 0.13, 0.11 and 0.10 respectively). The paper also demonstrates that the circulation type (i.e. prevailing pressure system) has a greater influence on daily sums of global solar radiation over Poland than the direction of air masses advection. The research results show that atmospheric circulation plays a significant role in determining the amount of solar radiation reaching the land surface in Poland.
The sole factors of major importance to Bulgaria’s agrarian output are temperature, and water probability. Between these two factors it is the component relating to soil moisture that proves more limiting. Probabilities of occurrence of water and of given temperatures are estimated by reference to summed temperatures and total rainfall, but also in relation to certain more specific indicators. Heat conditions and heat resources can be summed up by reference to the continuity of the vegetation period or growing season, which are limited for each type of plant, with thresholds for each crossed over the spring-autumn period in relation to biological minima. In the case of agricultural crops in Bulgaria, the biological minima are taken to be: 5°C - for wheat, barley, oats, peas, lentils and sunflowers; 10°C for corn, haricot beans and soybeans, and 15°C for cotton, vegetables and other spring cultures. The durations of cold and warm periods are of course interrelated characteristics. In the first period a key further issue is to determine the number of days with snow fall and with snow cover, these being fundamental to the shaping of soil-moisture reserves after the spring snow melt. Defining regions with thermal stress during the vegetation season is a further priority in describing agroclimatic conditions. Values indicative of limitations on crop growth would be one or more periods of at least 10 consecutive days with maximal air temperature over 35°C. Temperatures over 28°C are considered stresses that slow growth, and may even destroy plants if heat stress develops. The components most limiting the growth, development and formation of yields from agricultural crops are conditions as regards moisture represented in relation to atmospheric and soil moisture. The most apparent indicator is the annual total rainfall, or else the rainfall total in periods with average daily temperatures over 5 or over 10°C. A cross correlation matrix between the meteorological elements upon which evapotranspiration depends, i.e. air temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed and vapour pressure deficit, is discussed. One of the ways of assessing the actual necessity for water is to consider the difference between rainfall totals and potential water use, i.e. evapotranspiration. The difference between these two variables presents the balance of atmospheric moisture (BAM). Values for the relationship between real and potential evapotranspiration were calculated for two potential vegetation sub periods: March-June (the period in which the yields from winter crops are shaped) and July-August (the period in which the yields for spring crops are shaped).
South France
The Sowie Mountains in the central part of the Sudetes range are an under-researched area in terms of geomorphology, despite their potential representativeness for a large number of terrains within the Bohemian Massif, built of metamorphic bedrock. Apart from providing an overview of past work, the paper summarizes the main topographic features of the massif using visualizations of the digital terrain model, and outlines the wide range of anthropogenic impacts on relief. Characteristic landforms of the Sowie Mountains include faultgenerated lithology-controlled escarpments, ridge-and-valley topography near the escarpments, water-divide flats, gneissic tors, agrarian terraces and various landforms related to former mining and military use.
Spatial accessibility by public transport is an important component of quality of life and an important factor undermining the development of rural areas. It is also a key element of a sustainable mobility system. The capitals of the powiat (county-level tier of administration in Poland) represent the level of the country’s urban hierarchy at which most-important public services are provided. Yet previously only rather few accessibility studies had been carried out, to consider how accessible the rural localities (villages) in the countries different province-regions might be. To fill that gap, the research presented in this paper sought to assess the 2019 level of accessibility via public transport to their own county cities (powiat capitals) that characterized no fewer than 14,271 rural localities in 6 of Poland’s 16 province-regions (i.e. Łódzkie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Małopolskie, Pomorskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Zachodniopomorskie). The work also investigated factors shaping this accessibility, with a contribution thereby made to the ongoing debate as to the suitability of the current administrative division of Poland at county (powiat) level. The main findings and principal patterns as regards spatial accessibility could be summarised as follows: a. 1181 (8% of the studied) rural localities, with 215,000 inhabitants overall (or 4% of the rural population) had effectively no access to public transport at all; given that the nearest bus stop/railway station was beyond the acceptable distance of 4 km. b. Province-regions were found to differ markedly in terms of the measured accessibility, with Małopolskie province-region faring much better overall than the others (Figs. 1‑2, 10). c. Nevertheless, internal differentiation in levels of accessibility was greater within province-regions than between them. The best-observed accessibility characterised the environs of larger cities, and especially the Metropolitan Areas of Kraków (Małopolskie), Łódź (Łódzkie) and Gdańsk (Pomorskie), as well as the main transport corridors. Only poor accessibility characterised peripheral areas of most of the counties, while the worst accessibility of all applied in places where powiat-level peripheries were simultaneously peripheries of entire province-regions. d. An important factor determining accessibility was the type and size of rural locality. The larger the village, the better the accessibility (Fig. 19). This also linked up with the way in which size anyway correlated positively with distance to county city. This is to say that villages close to county cities had populations 30‑40% larger than those located on peripheries. e. Size of a county city also correlated positively with that city’s accessibility (Fig. 18). That was especially true of cities with 20,000 or fewer inhabitants. These have less-developed public transport and, as a consequence, far lower accessibility in their environs. Taken together, these patterns sustain a conclusion that the deregulation of public transport in Poland, which took place in the 1990s and ushered in a competitive market model, has had a serious impact on accessibility, ensuring further polarisation and growth in disparities. While better-developed areas (those in which population density is higher and villages larger) continue to furnish enough demand for commercially-viable public transport to be sustained, most of the peripheral, low-population areas are now at risk of transport-related exclusion. In most cases, there is poor public transport in such areas solely because some lines connecting cities or leading to certain tourist destinations remain in place and cross peripheries.
Spatial accessibility is usually understood in relation to the possibility of a specific location being reached from another location (Guzik, 2014). It is one of the main factors affecting land use and land-use changes (Hansen, 1959; Prishchepov et al., 2013) in relation to which the greatest variation is to be observed in mountainous areas (Jobe & White, 2009). The aim of the study detailed here was thus to identify variation in the spatial accessibility of mountainous areas in terms of their being used in agriculture. The problem of agricultural accessibility is here exemplified by three mesoregions of the Polish Carpathians, i.e. the Bieszczady Mts., Low Beskid Mts. and Sanok-Turka Mts. These are all areas in which spatial accessibility and landscape structure have changed markedly over the last 70 years. Cost of access in these areas was calculated by assigning resistance values to each distance unit, in relation to land-cover type and slope. To generate an output raster, use was made of a cost-distance algorithm implemented in ArcGIS. The research described here gave rise to a figure presenting the agricultural accessibility of the study area. Very varied accessibility was demonstrated, both in the research area as a whole and between mesoregions. Results obtained were compared with values for currently used arable fields. Areas accessible to agriculture were also identified, and compared with the distribution of arable fields actually in existence.
spatial justice
Spatial mobility of the population is a key factor allowing for the delimitation of functional areas and the identification of ranges of impact of given spatial units. The work detailed here has built on this idea by seeking to identify areas of strong functional linkage in the cities in Poland that have been granted the status of powiat (i.e. unit at the “county” level of administration). In this context, the paper also offers a critical analysis of other, best-known approaches to the delimitation of towns and cities in Poland. The identification of areas characterised by strong functional linkage is achieved by reference to generally-available data, i.e. statistics relating to commutes to work, as well as internal migration leading to permanent residency status. Overall, areas of srong functional linkage are here delimited by reference to: (1) areas of emigration or immigration relating to thecities granted county status, where these are the source and/or destination when it comes to internal migration leading to permanent residency; (2) areas of departure and arrival where commutes to and from the aforesaid cities granted county status are concerned, with account taken of additional relations relating to volumes of flows in a ‘city–rural area’ configuration. Our analysis was performed at NUTS-5 level, hence the exclusion of cities not enjoying county status. It is against the background of existing literature reports on means of identifying areas of functional linkage for Polish cities that the work detailed here may establish a basis for discussing alternative approaches. Here the authors offer their own method of identifying areas of strong functional linkage, from the point of view of people’s spatial mobility. This approach takes account of specifically Polish aspects of the phenomenon’s development. Indeed, analyses confirm that the approach proposed is very much linked to the functional urban areas of regional centres. However, complete objectivisation (i.e. a lack of subjectivity or even arbitrary decisions) represents a significant attribute of the approach in question, with this being desirable when it comes to research being replicated.
The spatial planning act should define the key values of a given planning system. However, legally defining these values does not guarantee their smooth or efficient implementation. Though, it should provide guidance in their subsequent interpretation. Spatial planning law defines values but does not guarantee their realisation. The articulation of values in spatial planning law must, as a rule, be more general, detailed by specific provisions and considered in judicial interpretation. The aim of this article is to extract and comparative analysis spatial planning values comprised within national legal acts of Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. It then sets out to compare these values to the planning practices within these countries. Values stated in legislation at the national level are also applicable at lower planning levels, particularly at the local level. Their inclusion in acts is therefore very important from the perspective of planning practice. For the purposes of this article, values in spatial planning are those comprised within national laws on spatial planning matters. This refers to the values explicitly identified and included at the beginning of such laws. The way these values are framed and understood is explored in the article. The legal recognition of values in spatial planning can provide a basis for their wider implementation. However, there are several barriers against their successful implementation. Different jurisdictions engage with these values in distinct ways. The same applies to actual planning practice. Identifying and comparing the ways in which spatial planning values are framed in the laws of the surveyed countries made it possible to single out values that are repeated in all systems (e.g., sustainable development, environmental protection, protection of architectural properties and public interest) and values that are framed differently across Central East European planning systems. <br>
Spatially explicit analysis of land ownership changes can provide a unique opportunity to trace land ownership and determine spatial patterns of inheritance. In this paper, the structure of land ownership in the age of feudalism (1852), communism (1965) and capitalism (2008) was reconstructed for a landscape-scale study area – the Upper Wiar River Basin in the Polish Eastern Carpathians. Austrian cadastre and post-war land registers were used as source data. Trajectories of land ownership changes were mapped and discussed. The similarity of landowner types was determined by means of correspondence analysis. The results generally showed how highly unstable land ownership is when socio-political systems are in flux.
Special Economic Zones (SEZ), areas where companies can operate in preferential conditions, have been created to boost the economic development of particular regions. The article describes an attempt to assess the connections between and the impact of the way special economic zones function and the economic development of municipalities (Pol. gmina) where they are located. In particular, the authors discuss the key characteristics of these zones that are directly related to the prosperity of municipalities where the companies are based as well as elements of current policies and development strategies pursued by the municipalities that affect the economic reality of the zones. The second part of the study involves an econometric analysis of the socio-economic development of municipalities of Podkarpackie province (which is evaluated by means of a comprehensive taxonomic measure) in terms of a classic measure of wealth, i.e. municipal revenues per capita, and depending on whether or not a given municipality hosts companies belonging to a special economic zone. Based on this analysis, the authors draw conclusions about the importance of specific SEZs for the development of local communities.
The speeds at which cars cover individual sections of a route depend on many factors, of which the most important relate to technical conditions in general or on the road surface, speed limits, volumes of traffic and weather conditions. This publication concerns a selected range of issues related to road traffic and is based on research conducted to show periodic changes in vehicle speeds along Polish roads. It represents a step towards increased accuracy of determination of road-traffic conditions, encouraging better prediction and discernment of patterns, as well as greater insight into influential factors. Knowledge of periodic changes in vehicle speeds gains further use in road-traffic modelling, for example at National Traffic Management Centres. Calculations of the speeds of vehicles covering test-sections of Polish Motorways involved twelve kilometre-long segments of the A1, A4 and A8. Vehicle probe data collected over the four years 2014‑2018 represented the source used in calculating speeds. From within the set of data, further consideration was confined to periods not impacted significantly by such other factors as public holidays, weekends, adverse weather, darkness or maintenance works. The speeds at which vehicles covered the selected sections were calculated, aggregated separately for the light and heavy categories, and then analysed for their daytime and annual variability. The first conclusion to be drawn from analysis of the results concerns the inevitable impact on speed of the “traffic volume” factor. However, “traffic vehicular structure” is another factor important in analyses of traffic fluctuations. Were this research to be developed further that would entail further-reaching inference in regard to the nature of traffic and types of trip being made. The research described here can thus be considered a first step in the planning of other, more-accurate measurement campaigns that will require greater preparation in advance, and well as resort to more-specialised equipment. The present homogeneous study nevertheless offers grounds for inferences as to both the nature of the traffic it describes, and the types of trips being made. A continuation of research would thus extend analyses around the clock (covering 24-hour days rather than just “daytime”), as well as to other days of the week, such as Saturdays and Sundays, to holidays, and even to separate days of the week within the overall set of working days. The number of test-sections might also be increased, and enriched by new types, classes, geometries and locations of routes allowing for fuller inference. In particular, additional locations with Continuous Traffic Measurement Stations would provide for the fuller correlation of vehicle speeds with volumes of traffic. Similarly, filtered datasets factoring in adverse weather conditions, Sun low above the horizon and periods of road maintenance could all provide for more research of a more comprehensive nature. <br>
The spread of COVID-19 all over the world triggered major changes in the organization of the education in many countries. Governments have adopted various solutions to reduce the disruption caused to education. This article, which is based on survey research (N=246) conducted among teachers in various types of schools in Poland, provides an analysis of the solutions in the field of distance learning and the organization of learning process during lockdown. The results show that teachers encountered a number of difficulties in distance learning. They concerned, among others: lack of access among certain students to computers, insufficient competences of teachers to teach remotely, work organization, and the fact that students were bored with this learning form. The advantages included, among others: increasing digital competences and developing new forms of assessing students’ knowledge.
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has a simultaneous temporal and spatial component. This pattern results from a complex combination of factors, including social ones, that lead to significant differences in the evolution of space-time distributions, both between and within countries. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the regularity of the spatial distribution of the number of diagnosed COVID-19 cases in Poland over more than a year of the pandemic. The analysis utilized daily and weekly data for 380 counties (poviats), using the local – Poisson risk semivariogram – measure of spatial autocorrelation. Despite the heterogeneity and errors in the source data, it was possible to identify clear patterns of temporal changes in the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases, manifested by differences in the nature and extent of their autocorrelation.
The Stołowe Mountains,situated in the Middle Sudetes, form Poland’s only tableland, which is underlain by an alternating succession of sedimentary rocks, all of Permian and Late Cretaceous age. The morphology of the Stołowe Mountains is characterised by the presence of isolated mesas and plateaus. Nearly-level summits are bounded by precipitous escarpments up to 300 m tall. These are bipartite in profile, with stronger sandstones forming vertical cliffs and less-resistant marls and mudstones being truncated by concave slope sections. There seems to be general agreement that long-term escarpment retreat is the dominant pathway by which this tableland evolved geomorphically. However, ideas on the processes contributing to the scarp recession vary. Since the early 20th century, the dominant concept has ascribed a major role to catastrophic mass movements. Łoziński (1909) for example pointed to rock falls, and linked their origin with intense mechanical weathering. For their part, both Czeppe (1952) and Dumanowski (1961, 1967) underlined the crucial importance of subsurface water flow at the point of contact between the permeable sandstones and impermeable fine-grained rocks. In their opinion, that phenomenon results in the undercutting and destabilisation of rock faces. Pulinowa (1972, 1989) was of a similar view and suggested that plastic deformations of underlying marls and mudstones caused subsidence and the toppling of marginal parts of the sandstone caprock. Although deep clefts are a prominent feature of Mt Szczeliniec Wielki, no significant movements have been recorded in recent decades (e.g. Cacoń, 2008). Thus, from a present-day standpoint, the different outlooks mentioned above can be considered highly influenced by paradigms, while lacking in support where empirical data are concerned. In contrast, systematic study based on quantitative measurements has been engaged in recently by Duszyński and Migoń (2015) and Duszyński et al. (2016). They reveal that non-catastrophic disintegration of cliff lines appears to be a much more common phenomenon than rock failure. An alternative scenario assumes that the marginal parts of plateaus are separating along joints, due to underground erosion and removal of rock residuum. In this way, after a long period of time, a once-solid rock face becomes a mess of joint-bounded blocks. Transport downslope is then more apparent than real as progressively lower topographical positions are occupied, while the lower escarpment slope recedes. Landslides in the middle and lower parts of the slope (Duszyński et al., 2017), block ploughing (Pulinowa, 1989; Duszyński and Parzóch, 2016) and erosional incision (Migoń and Kasprzak, 2016) all do contribute to escarpment retreat, but their role is limited to single localities. Although our knowledge regarding the evolution of the Stołowe Mountains has improved greatly, we still lack chronological data, and are hence unable to pinpoint the environmental conditions proving particularly favourable to escarpment recession. There is also a need to determine whether the arenisation process often described in the foreign literature (e.g. Wray and Sauro, 2017) is actually responsible for the slow detachment of sand grains from quartz sandstone.
The structure of forest stands and tree architecture at the forest ecotone were analysed at the Alpine timberline zone of the Babia Góra massif of the Western Carpathians. Tree stand and tree characteristics displayedlarge differences in various locations. On the north slope of the massif, trees at the timberline grow relatively tall and slender, and have narrow crowns. Trees at the timberline on the south-west facing slopes of the massif,at higher elevations, are shorter, with lower slenderness indices and relatively broader crowns. These results suggest, that different environmental factors play major roles in shaping the structure of the timberline in variouselevations and various exposures.
Studies dealing with the issue of polycentric urban development, both functional and morphological, often promote different approaches to the measurement of polycentricity. Relying on data on commuting patterns and the intra-regional distribution of population in Poland in 2011, we apply two measures of polycentricity to shed more light on the functional and morphological development of urban regions in Poland. We also explore the relationship between the two dimensions of polycentricity, using a functional/morphological primacy index and a general functional polycentricity index. The results reveal regions for which the different measures suggest divergent conclusions, while also implying that the measure used can determine the strength and statistical significance of the relationship between the two dimensions to polycentricity. As, in our view, it is the measure advocated by Burger et al. (2011) that best seems to differentiate between the different forms of urban structure, we use this to summarise patterns of polycentric urban development in Poland. The results illustrate: the statistical significance of the relationship between the two (morphological and functional) dimensions to polycentricity in Poland’s urban regions, and the way in which the level of functional polycentricity is higher than the degree of functional polycentricity.
The study addresses two current issues in social geography: the modern reflection on the topic of agency and the possibility of introducing the notion of place agency. When discussing human-environment relations, geographers more often use the terms more-than-human or non-human beings and focus on the animal and plant worlds. However, the symmetrical or mutual relationship between humans and the natural environment can be linked to a question arises about the wider scope of the notion of place agency and understanding the phenomenon of place as an entity acting on its own rights. <br>
The study aims to examine travel preferences of Finnish cross-border tourists with special reference to the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Data were collected using paper-based and online surveys from 300 respondents travelling from Finland to the Russian Karelia. Although cross-border tourists are a significant part in the inbound tourist flow to Russian Karelia, several obstacles for this type of tourism have been revealed. Measures to stimulate Finnish tourists to travel to Russian Karelia are suggested. The results of this study can be used to improve Karelian tourist products by providing services as expected by tourists. The findings are limited to visitors of Russian Karelia and should therefore be interpreted with caution.
The study allowed to determine the level of development of transborder co-operation connections, thematic scope and the strength of connections between the partners in the Polish-German border areas. The analysis of actors helped identify institutional settings on both sides of the border (levels of co-operation according to the level of territorial unit and similarity between actors in terms of their formal-legal status). The analysis also covered the spatial aspect of the existing network of connections. The study takes into consideration mutual relationships between the analyzed features. The analysis revealed similarities between institutional network of the co-operating authors and a relatively limited strength of connections. Moreover, the study showed that the type of actors, the strength of connections and thematic scope of jointly realized projects were strongly interconnected.
The study analyses physiogeographical factors of the Zeravshan Range as a basis for environmental and habitat diversity. They provided the background for considering conditions for the functioning of juniper forest ecosystems. The uniqueness of these ecosystems also relies on the longevity of Juniperus seravschanica Kom., J. semiglobosa Regel and J. turkestanica Kom. Physiognomic features of the landscape are conditioned by the habitat, climate, landforms, and recently also by anthropopressure. The ecological, environmental and the cultural importance of juniper trees makes them a distinctive and determinant feature of the landscape. Currently juniper forests across Tajikistan, including those in the Zeravshan Mts., have been significantly disrupted as a result of chaotic, uncontrolled and excessive felling. The purpose of this article is to present natural conditions of juniper forest ecosystems, the impact of anthropogenic changes on their functioning as well as the occurrence of endemic species within them. The cultural importance of juniper in the protection of the surrounding landscape was also analysed.
The study assess the position of the Śląskie Voivodeship in the European space of flows. The main objectives are: (1) to examine the regional position in the interregional space of flows, and (2) to assess this position in terms of the decarbonisation processes planned under the European Green Deal policy. In order to do this, the strengths and weaknesses of the region were identified, the flows potentially vulnerable to the restructuring process of the region’s coal-based economy were recognised, and the extent and scale of the impact of decarbonisation on the region’s economic situation was determined. An analysis of indicators such as intensity and concentration of flows places the region on the flow periphery, as the most significant flows are concentrated in Western and Northern Europe. One exception to this pattern is the transport of goods when measured in tonnes, which makes the region an important hub on a European scale. However, the most intensive flows link it with other Polish regions. Moreover the specificity of the Śląskie Voivodeship means that any effects of the European Green Deal will be particularly strongly felt, as it is among the regions experiencing the greatest negative impact of this policy on the economy and labour market.
The study attempts to evaluate the local factors which create pro-environmental functions (independent of external support) of rural areas. The assessment was based on statistical data (2004–2014) published by the Central Statistical Office of Poland. The national sustainable development indicators at the level of counties were analyzed, including indicators of environmental domain and selected indicators of domain such as: social, economic, institutional and political. The graphical presentation of the data enabled the spatial location of Polish counties on a map which may have a higher potential in the creation of pro-environmental functions. Choropleth maps included in the study are based on the visualization tool available in the Central Statistical Office's Application – Indicators for Sustainable Development – local module.
The study deals with an assessment and interpretation of the bioclimatic conditions in Vranje (southern Serbia). The study aims at temporal distributions of bioclimatic conditions focussing on extreme thermal stress based on the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The meteorological data required for the calculation of UTCI concern hourly (7 and 14 CET) weather data collected for the period 2000-2017. The frequency of very strong heat stress (VSHS), very strong cold stress (VSCS) and extreme cold stress (ECS) for both morning and midday hours. Furthermore, the daily difference of the UTCI hourly values (diurnal UTCI change) are specified, giving the daily variance of heat and cold stress. The results revealed the frequency of days in which thermal stress prevails for the studied period. The obtained results show an increase in extreme heat biothermal conditions, while extreme cold biothermal conditions are in decline, especially in the last 10 years. However, the frequency (the number of days) of very strong heat stress (VSHS) increased since 2007. A spectacular increase in heat stress was observed in the month of September, particularly in 2015.
The study discusses the sphere of rural areas’ collective image with the purpose of preserving spatial order of countryside. Polish rural areas are affected by the post-1990 transformation. The development of non-agricultural management and use is accompanied by the phenomena of spatial disintegration, disappearance of local landscape features along with increase of ecological and social risks. Hence, it is necessary to search for integrated methods and innovative tools to support and restore sustainability, coherence and diversity. Conclusions are based on a review of research. It has been pointed out that a development vision common to the local community determines shaping spatial order in a given territory. It is constructed by the means of mediation process. Its foundations were searched for in the approaches of rurality in the field of rural sociology and humanistic geography. Subsequently, the role of participation in spatial decision-making and the role of landscape impact in shaping the image of the territory were shown. The gathered arguments led to the conclusion that a development vision may arise in the process of participatory landscape management.
The study objective is to analyse the effect of the flow of internally displaced persons (IDPs) on the development of the Lviv Oblast – the largest region of Ukraine bordering on the EU. The article was based on available statistical data (most statistical data in Ukraine under martial law is not made public), data from sociological research of international organisations, and other official public sources of information. The study results suggest that the Lviv Oblast has become the main Ukrainian transit region on the route of refugees from Ukraine across the border, as well as one of the main oblasts accepting IDPs. At least 5 million people have passed the oblast in transit, and the number of IDPs reached its maximum in the period May-June 2022. Most of the people arrived in the city of Lviv, other large cities, as well as recreation and tourist centres. IDPs have had a positive effect on the sectors of housing construction and tourism in the oblast, and contributed to an increase in the budget income of separate territorial hromadas. Approximately 230 enterprises have also been relocated to the oblast. Most IDPs are planning or expect to return to their former place of residence, although with each month of war duration, the share of people integrating with local communities and planning to permanently remain in the territory of the Lviv Oblast increases. In spatial terms, the flow of IDPs considerably exceeded the level of urbanisation of the oblast, and accelerated the development of the Lviv urban agglomeration. In the future perspective it may contribute to an increase in territorial disproportions between large cities in the oblast, with better developed hromadas around Lviv, mountain and pre-montane towns on the one hand, and depressive hromadas in the east and south-east of the oblast on the other. <br>
The study of economic resilience represents a relatively new subject of debate within the framework of regional studies. Here, the author firsts presents the evolutionary approach to resilience, and within it the agency perspective; before refocusing on the macroeconomic policy pursued in Poland, which is deemed to have spared the country and many of its regions from the recession otherwise experienced so widely during the crisis in Europe. The author then turns to a characterisation of eight European regions, including one in Poland, describing the actions taken and strategies pursued with a view to counteracting the negative effects of the crisis, and building economic resilience to future events of the same kind.
The study of influence, exerted by the road projects on road traffic safety was carried out on the basis of data, contained in the System of Registry of Accidents and Collisions (Polish acronym: SEWIK) for the years 2006-2012, and the questionnaire-based survey. The level of safety on the motorways and expressways, or, more broadly – on the separate traffic roads, is being assessed as much higher than on the remaining national roads. Construction of a motorway results in a significant drop in the number of persons harmed in the accidents over the connections between the cities considered. The fast traffic roads, including the ring roads, being the segments of expressways, significantly improve the safety over the routes of national roads, but do not entail any important change in the accident rates on other roads.
The study offers the first attempt to combine the identification of rock cliffs particularly prone to rockfall with estimates of the potential trajectories and kinetic energies of the material released in this way in the Tatra Mountains. The results obtained suggest that the potential energy of the relief and the initial size and shape of the rock fragments released have not fundamentally changed since the complete disappearance of the glaciers. It was also found that the degree to which glacial and periglacial landforms are buried by such material depends not just on the location, number and size of the release areas or rockfall frequency but also on the kinetic energy of the rock material released. The rockfalls observed in recent years and those perceived as potential ones are linked not so much to permafrost degradation as to the relief, geology and weather conditions. <br>
The study presents a brief review of Polish border regions’ participation in the global economy in 2013 based on export linkages at the local level (LAU 1). The paper offers an extended understanding of the export activity of intermediaries in foreign trade comparing to manufacturing companies. Results confirm the relatively greater importance of intermediaries activity in border areas, especially at the eastern border.
The study presents a brief review of Polish regions’ participation in the global economy in 2011 based on export linkages at the local level (LAU 1). It identifies both the key actors in the globalisation processes within the country and the types of territories that share common trends in geographic and product export structures. The paper deals with a delimitation of areas of export concentration. A total of 23 areas have been identified accounting for nearly 60% of Polish exports. Both the economic strength of the regions as reflected in their respective figures and the long-established position of industry in the national economy resulted in a wide range of areas discussed here
The study presents results of empirical research of a qualitative nature. The object of analysis is one of the aspects related to the cultural dimension of tourist functions of rural areas in the Opolskie Voivodship. The aim of the study was to establish whether references to the past are incidental or relatively common and to find out which elements of historical and cultural legacy (material and non-material) are considered in the offers of accommodation for tourists and what sort of message referring to the past they bear. Material for analysis was obtained from Internet portals and websites, local and regional publications (folders, tourist guides) as well as promotional materials supplied by individual entities. The analysis comprised offers of 167 providers of accommodation services (of varied scale), available in 123 villages located in the Opolskie Voivodship. Information given in the offers, concerning past, was ordered by the authors – in relation to the reference point – to the following categories: 1) object, 2) village, 3) region, 4) other. With regard to the first category, two subsets were distinguished: a) object as an architectural structure and b) object as a site of socio-cultural dimension. In the second category, two subsets were differentiated i.e., a) history and former functions of a given village and b) traditions of the rural life. As regards the third category, the following three subsets were distinguished: a) monuments and other elements of the cultural legacy outside given village, b) culinary heritage, c) other elements of the heritage typically referred to as “regional”, “of Opole region”, “Silesian”. Within these types of references (sets and subsets) available offers were analyzed with regard to created images of the past and indicated attractiveness of a tourist’s stay, which results from the historicity of the place in material and non-material dimensions.
The study presents the delimitation of problem areas carried out at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of PAS on behalf of the Ministry of Development of Poland (2015-2016), first and foremost to meet the practical needs of the development policy being pursued at state, regional and local government levels. The study was elaborated for the 2479 Polish communes (gminas) by reference to 21 indicators mainly concerned with the state of the natural environment and socio-economic conditions, as well as features of spatial and local development. The three categories of area ultimately identified were the natural, the social and the economic aspects, the combination of which yielded several main types of problem area. A last stage then entailed a division into regions, i.e. the designation and naming of particular geographical areas.
The study presents the significance and impact of creativity and innovation on the development of rural areas. The concept of creativity and creative sectors was defined, activities in the field of creativity development and activation of rural inhabitants were identified. The impact of non-agricultural activity on life quality of rural population was determined, presenting examples of activation and various creative activities being innovative undertakings in the rural areas of the Opolskie Voivodeship.
The study provides a compact view of population ageing in the capitals of the Visegrad Group (V4). The transformation of the age structure of urban populations is quantified within the context of the V4 countries – Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. This assessment of the age structure transformation in the V4 capitals between 1980 and 2013 was carried out using Webb’s chart and hexagonal diagram methods. The evaluation of the demographic ageing of the urban populations brings substantial knowledge of the immanent differences of the capitals. The similarities between Prague, Budapest and Warsaw and the specific development of Bratislava, was revealed.
The study provides an overview of contemporary approaches to assess forest above-ground biomass. A remote sensing method for assessing biomass using airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data is proposed by authors, since it has a verified technology that can be used to accurately assess above-ground forest biomass. The brief review of methods for detection of single tree using airborne LiDAR data is presented. We proposed and discussed a new tree-based approach for biomass assessment with the use of LiDAR data. Results of morphologic parameters calculations, conducted with the help of some automated methods are described. The results of experimental investigation confirm availability and correctness of the proposed method. The results of biomass calculation in FORKOME are presented. The proposed methodology was tested in forest areas in Poland. Perspectives for further research in order to improve the precision of method are outlined as well.
The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of social farming. According to the European Economic and Social Committee, social farming is an innovative approach combining two concepts: multifunctional agriculture and social services and/or health care at the local level. Social farming provides an opportunity to improve the well-being of individuals and collective integration of people at risk of social exclusion. It creates new employment opportunities and diversification of income sources for inhabitants of rural areas. The idea of social farming has been developing for many years in countries of Western Europe, while in Poland it is still at an initial phase. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, categories of beneficiaries and forms of their support. The paper also presents case studies from selected European countries. Further part of the article is devoted to legal aspects of establishing and functioning welfare farms in Poland.
The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of socially involved agriculture (social farming). Socially involved agriculture, involving the introduction of social services to already functioning farms, has been developing since the end of the 20th century in rural areas of virtually all of Europe as a new type of innovative activity. Social farming is an idea combining the multifunctionality of farms with care and health services, as well as social entrepreneurship. The aim of the article is an attempt to outline the essence of social farming and emphasise its role in the sustainable rural development in Poland. To this regard, the study combines theoretical considerations with a description of practical solutions in the country. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, selected initiatives and forms of their support. One of these forms of support in the field of social care and integration in rural areas is a caring farm, offering services based on its resources and infrastructure, enabling, e.g. agrotherapy. Socially involved agriculture is a chance for farmers to provide new services and thus expand and diversify their activities and a multifunctional role in society. Responsible implementation of additional farm functions will contribute to the implementation of a sustainable rural development model.
The subject matter of this article is the 2007–2013 Rural Development Programme (RDP) and its importance in the field of diversification of economy in the rural areas in Poland. The aim of the study is to indicate the effects of the RDP in the diversification of the rural economy by determining the size of public expenditure by axes and directions of spending resources on a regional and local level. The number of new jobs created and the type of activity supported were determined. Regional and local differences in the allocation of public funds were identified. The significance of the Leader approach in establishing new non-agricultural jobs in rural areas was generally inconsiderable. Financial support under the Programme was granted to 15,277 rural micro-enterprises, mainly dealing with services for the population; enterprises already existing on the market prevailed. In total, 28,585 permanent jobs were established. However, the assumptions of the Programme in relation to the generated number of jobs have not been fully implemented.
The subject of this work concerns primary education in rural areas of the Małopolskie Voivodship. The research is particularly focused upon Miechów district, which is located in the south-western part of the Małopolskie Voivodship. The authors strived to present the impact of demographic conditions upon the network of schools in this strongly depopulating region and identify to what extend trends among population limit the accessibility to after-school activities for children and adolescents. The aim of this paper is to present the location and accessibility of primary education institutions in Miechów district and also to assessthe organization of after-school activities which is a major factor in ensuring equal opportunities of education among children and adolescents. As a result of unfavorable demographic tendencies, schools are being closed down. In the Małopolskie Voivodship 143 (12.3%) primary schools were liquidated over the years 2000–2012 and these include mainly small,ruralschoolsin agricultural areas. The number of pupils attending primary schools decreased even more. Between the years 2000–2012 the number fell by over 80 thousand (from 280 thousand to just under 200 thousand which constitutes 30%). The authors attempted to determine essential information about children's travel to schools such as: residence place of children that are brought to particular schools, the average time of reaching school from where they live and the means of transport that a child chooses to reach the school. In 2008 the location of primary schools in the area of Miechów district allowed for relatively good accessibility within its borders. However, during the years 2008–2014 the spatial accessibility greatly decreased as a result of many institutions being closed down. The average time a child needs to reach school extended by 20% in the whole discussed area. The highest increase was observed in Kozłów commune, in which the time extended by 46% (to 3,4 minutes) and where 5 primary schools were liquidated.
Subsidies of the EU funds resulted in major projects and plans. In order to prevent natural disasters, the European Community – among others – introduced the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Withthe SEA the environmental aspects prevailed in an earlier phase of the planning process. The SEA is mostly new means in the new Member States, hence the planners and stakeholders had to learn to incorporate it into theirpractice. On the other hand, the existing institutional structure of a country influences the planning decision making processes. This paper examines the introduction of and difficulties associated with the SEA in Hungarywhile focusing on institutional settings and integration elements.
Suburbanisation represents one of the most important contemporary problems facing large urban agglomerations. An analysis of the development of urban agglomerations in Central-Eastern Europe, and especially Poland, leads to the observation that this problem is not particularly advanced in any of them. The aim of this article has thus been to examine how relevant it might be to consider the suburbanisation stage in large Polish agglomerations, as a permanent feature of the Klaassen/Paelinck and van den Berg models. Specifically, the article focuses on Poland’s seven largest agglomerations, though there is a particular emphasis on the Katowice conurbation. The essence of the study lay in the identification of differences in the population balance between these agglomerations, and above all, between their cores and outer zones. The study also included data on the structure characterising out-migrations. A consequence of the study was to draw attention to the apparent diversity of the Katowice conurbation, the only one in Poland to record a population decline in both the core area and the outer zone. This specificity was explained mainly by the drivers of polycentricity and post-industrialism. In other agglomerations, these elements were either absent altogether or were involved in separate shaping of urban regional space.
Surface water temperature characteristics of the Vistula River mouth and the Gdańsk Bay were determined on the basis of available observations, remote sensing and hydrodynamic models. The water temperature in the Vistula River and the Gdańsk Bay was found to be much higher than the air temperature. In recent decades, the water temperature in the Vistula River mouth and the Gdańsk Bay has increased significantly. It has been determined that water temperature in the bay is affected not only by air temperature, but also by water discharge of the Vistula River and wind. <br>
The Świętokrzyskie Voivodship is one of the most attractive tourist areas in the south-east part of Poland. Natural conditions and diverse landscape are considered as a great asset in the development of various forms of tourism in this area. Agritourism is an increasingly popular form of non-agricultural activity for rural residents in the region. The paper deals with the cooperation between institutions supporting development of tourism and agritourism farms in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. Various forms of support granted by different institutions to agritourism farmers have also been discussed. The study shows that Agricultural Advisory Centers and agritourism associations have the greatest impact on the development of agritourism.
Taking inspiration from maritime spatial planning, more in particular the Law of the Sea dividing ocean space into zones of graduated control, including areas beyond national jurisdiction (where by definition territorialism does not apply) the paper revisits territories as the building blocks of a political order. From there it proceeds to discussing the power, not to say the delusion of territorial sovereignty, only to revisit neo-medievalism as an alternative ordering principle for the governance of space. Accordingly, though sovereign in theory, stand-along territories are in reality conceptualised as being enmeshed in a web of functional relations, many of which with their own governance arrangements and with many overlaps between them. Which makes imposing an overall order a doubtful enterprise.
Taking into account foreign trade in goods the process of internationalization of the Polish economy has been uneven not only within the scope of foreign trade operators and its product and geographical structure, but also within the territorial perspective across the country. During the period after 1990, the basic structures of the “export space” of Poland were transformed. At the same time, these structures remained, to some extent, embedded in a centrally planned economy, especially in the industrialization processes that have been taking place since the World War II. The aim of the paper is identification and delimitation of areas of export concentration (AEC) as well as to provide for more systematic information on the changes taking place in the export space of the country resulted from the competitiveness and economic power of local economies. The obtained results were related to the general changes in the the country’s spatial structure, including basic theoretical concepts and strategic documents. AEC shall be considered as a contiguous geographical area with the above-average importance of exports for the local economy, determined by several conditions: (a) exports per capita of the LAU 1 unit is higher than the national average; (b) exports in relation to sold industrial output in the LAU 1 unit is higher than the national average; (c) total exports of AEC exceeds 1% of total exports from Poland; (d) AEC respects the principle of territorial continuity. These conditions were applied for the years: 1995 (the period immediately after the economic transition), 1997 (the period of locating foreign investments in the country), 2000 (the period after the crisis in the Eastern markets), 2005 (at the start of the full integration of Poland into the European Union), 2007 (the period of favourable exports performance resulted from the accession to the EU), 2009 (the first wave of economic crisis) and 2013 (the present years). The primary unit of study is the county (LAU 1). The analysis was conducted in US dollars (USD) based on materials from EXTRA- and INTRASTAT systems. The spatial structures of units considered as AEC in the analysed years is a synthetic picture of exports space of Poland. It may be assumed that it creates a polygon with vertices constituting the “poles of the global economy”, which are: Warsaw, Rzeszów, Cracow, Upper Silesian conurbation, Wroclaw, Słubice and Gdańsk. At the same time, in Western Poland, a zone with strong international relations is becoming increasingly apparent, it covers a large part of the LAU 1 units of the provinces of wielkopolskie, dolnośląskie and lubuskie voivodeships. Spatial structures related to industrialization processes taking place during the period of centrally planned economy proved to be quite stable. Despite the shift in the main exports centres from the south of Poland to the west, the observed changes were not spectacular. In favourable economic conditions, there was a deglomeration of exports, but these changes were not of a lasting nature. During the crisis period we observed a regression, which excluded the emergence of new sustainable AEC, among others. in the east of Poland. Thus the changes anticipated during the initial phase of the transformation in the spatial structure of the country were probably premature. The changes observed during this period reflected the fluctuations associated with the transformation process itself. Regardless of the stability of the general spatial structure, the dynamics of the emergence (as well as the “collapse”) of AEC is a good measure of the transformation of individual centres and industrial districts of Poland after 1989. There has been confirmed such processes as: economic contraction of Łódź, relative decrease in the role of the Upper Silesian conurbation, gradual replacement of Poznań by Wrocław as the country’s second most important economic pole.
Talus slopes origin is connected both with weathering and transport of the rock grain. The formation of these landforms is an effect of many climatological, morphological and geological factors. The grain size of the surface of the talus slope brings some information about the way of transport and deposition mechanisms. The main aim of the paper is to present different talus slope formation in two mountain locations - in arctic periglacial and semi-arid continental periglacial climate zones. Results from two study sites are presented. The first one was located on Spitsbergen Island, on its SW coast, near Polish Polar Station. The climate is arctic and periglacial, the average annual temperature is -3,2°C, annual precipitation is 494,6 mm. The slope is exposed to the west, rock face and talus slope are built with gneiss, crystalline shales with marbles intrusions. There is permafrost as well as an active layer noted on this study site. The second study site is in the Fann Mountains, part of Pamiro-Alay massive in Tajikistan. The annual temperature is about 1-2°C (meteo stations nearby: 6,6°C Iskanderkul 2204 m.a.s.l., 0,7°C Shahristan Pass 3143 m.a.s.l.), annual precipitation is about 300 mm. Slope is exposed to the south, rock material is a Devonian massive limestone. No permafrost was observed in this area. On both study sites, similar methods were used. Profiles with four measuring points were designated. On these points, 0,5 x 0,5 m square were marked and perpendicular photographs from a 1,5 m distance were made. Grain sizes were analyzed in BaseGRAIN software. In Asian periglacial high-mountain conditions lack of permafrost and low precipitation causes, that there is no factor of water. Domination of gravitational processes is sorting material when the heaviest rock fragments are transported longer and are deposited on lower positions on the slope.
The Territorial Agenda 2030 aims to provide multi-level strategic orientation to increase cohesion and overcome the 21st century pressing challenges. In multilingual contexts, the ideas and concepts communicated in such agendas must be clear and well-defined. In our study, we conducted a content analysis of the concepts of environment, inequality, justice, sustainability, territory and transition in contrast with former versions of this agenda. We found that, since 1983, the Territorial Agenda conceptual framework changed significantly in its meaning and semantic universe of reference.
Territorial governance is an extremely heterogeneous activity. Each European country is characterised by a complex system of legal acts, tools, discourses and practices that had consolidated through time, as a consequence of peculiar path-dependent processes. At the same time, since more than 30 years the European Union is developing territorially relevant actions and interventions, ultimately aiming at achieving the economic, social and territorial cohesion of the continent. The mutual relations entangling domestic and supranational territorial governance remain unclear: on the one hand, the European Union is required to produce a framework for delivering its policies that is flexible enough to accommodate domestic differences; on the other hand, domestic territorial governance and spatial planning systems should adapt in order to allow room for cross-fertilization with supranational interventions. This contribution builds on the evidence collected by the research project ESPON COMPASS to frame and explore this issue. In doing so, it serves as an introduction for this special issue that, in the following contributions, presents a number of concrete examples of interaction between EU spatial policies and domestic territorial governance and spatial planning.
This article addresses the issue of the modern Polish diaspora in Curitiba – an important and symbolic city in the context of the Polish migration to Brazil ongoing since the second half of the 19th century. An overview of Polish migratory flows to Curitiba through time is offered, with account taken of the city’s significance as unique space for social activeness on the part of Brazilian-resident Poles. The work detailed here has had as its main aims the identification of “Polish” places and areas in Curitiba’s social space, the profiling of the Polish migrant, and the assessment of relations between the modern Polish diaspora and the mother country, in the contexts of different migration generations. The city of Curitiba has been perceived as a significant and symbolic place for Polish migrants since the very beginning of Polish migration history. With time, it has become the informal “capital city” of Latin American Polonia, being home to the largest numbers of Polish migrants and people with Polish roots. Curitiba has also been the city in which Poles have consistently been most active, both socially and institutionally. This social activeness is a vital expression of the presence of a particular minority in a host country. It is also a reflection of the need for pro-social initiatives to be pursued with a view to migrants gaining support. Thus the social activities taken up by members of the Polish diaspora in Brazil arise out of a need for national identity to be sustained and Polish traditions promoted. The number of Polish organisations is a visible expression of social activeness, there being no fewer than 151 such organisations in Brazil, 21% of them operating in Curitiba. Most are oriented towards artistic, cultural, religious and administrative-organisational activity. The significance of Curitiba as a symbolic centre for the Polish diaspora is also expressed in public spaces and cultural objects. Curitiba’s public space is marked by the presence of Polish monuments, plaques and street names commemorating famous and appreciated Poles, as well as by Polish national institutions. There is only one Department of Polish Language in Latin America, and it is at the Federal University of Parana in Curitiba. For the purposes of this article, a survey among a significantly differentiated group of respondents has been carried out. The group comprised representatives of the Polish diaspora having Polish ancestors three generations back, as well as modern Polish migrants. The Polish diaspora in Curitiba is found to be dispersed spatially, and deeply immersed in local social structures. Yet, there are several areas with higher concentrations of people having Polish roots. The level of social and economic development there does not differ significantly from that in the rest of the city, with the middle class prevailing in the social structure. The survey shows that, while the descendants of Polish settlers are not fluent Polish speakers and do not visit the “mother country” very often, Polishness is demonstrated by the diaspora present in Curitiba. It is clearly visible in public space of the city as there are numerous objects representing Polish historical and cultural heritage, as well as cultural events. It is also visible in social behaviour of Brazilian Polonia, who still cultivate Polish traditions and customs. Their social activeness is also demonstrated in the public sphere. Since the day Poles first settled in Brazil, and in Curitiba, these people have been integrating steadily with Brazilians and assimilating into their society. This makes the strong bond with the “mother country” that is still present even more important, it being more than a simple sense of people being Poles, gaining manifestation in actions taken up with a view to Polish ideas being promoted in both the private and public spheres.
This article aims to explain where the cross-border tourism cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) can be observed, and its specifical aim is to answer the research question: What are the spatial characteristics of cooperation in cross-border tourism projects in the Baltic Sea Region? Using the methods of spatial analysis in GIS, statistical methods and analysis of project documents, synthetic research was carried out on the cooperation of beneficiaries of tourism projects under the Interreg IV A, B and C programs in the BSR. The spatial nature of this cooperation was presented in a descriptive and cartographic form, taking into account the locations of beneficiaries, budgets, roles in the project, concentration, connections and topics of their cooperation. Although the empirical study presented below is limited only to tourism cooperation under the EU-funded Interreg IV program in the BSR, it is one of the first studies on cross-border cooperation between entities separated by a sea border in general, as well as one of the first synthetic studies on projects from different levels of European Union funding in the Interreg program (A, B and C), which cover a larger area of research. Cooperation is measured by number and distance of the relations between the beneficiaries. Comparison of the number of implemented projects related to tourism, the number of beneficiaries, the average amount of beneficiaries' budgets and their concentration showed diametrical differences in the region between its western and eastern parts. It can therefore be said that the "Iron Curtain" is still visible, which in the second half of the 20th century divided the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea from its north-western part
This article aims to investigate the origin of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and its spatial distribution among CEE headquarters in national urban systems. The conceptual framework is based on discussion of the role of metropolises. To provide a broad geographical scope the ORBIS database has been used, and its value has been discussed. The analysis shows that headquarters in capital cities were still attracting the greatest amount of foreign direct investment as of 2013, even when considerations are set at the level of different types of activity sector.
This article aims to systematise issues concerning research on inequalities in urban space - primarily based on studies by Polish researchers and those from Western European countries and the United States, where research on this topic has a longer tradition. Social inequality is widely considered to be one of the most important challenges of modern times. The high level of social inequality, particularly pronounced in urban areas, negatively impacts the quality of life of their inhabitants. This article describes the contemporary definitions of the concept of social inequality and introduces some synonymous terms. The impact of social inequality on the daily lives of urban residents is explained. The history of research on inequality and the most commonly used research approaches are also discussed. The final section presents current research directions and prospects for future research. <br>
This article analyzes the impact of selected external and internal factors on environmental behaviour and the relationship between individuals’ willingness to engage in environmentally friendly activity and their actual actions. Our model served as a framework for understanding the development of environmental awareness and the change of habits in favor of sustainability. The main variables included in the model were values, beliefs, norms, perceived environmental control, demographic variables, knowledge, intention, and behaviour. The results based on the example of Ljubljana indicate that environmental motives and knowledge are the factors predominantly influencing actual environmentally friendly habits. It is concluded that a bottom-up approach with selected social influence methods is the most appropriate.
Prev
1
...
12
13
14
of
17
Next
This page uses 'cookies'.
More information
I understand