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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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The remains of a heavily eroded Funnel Beaker tomb was discovered at Malżyce, site 31. At the centre of the excavation trench was the central burial with ditches, to the north and south of it, aligned W-E (features 2 and 3), and also, part of a broad depression — where earth was extracted and used to build up the burial mound (feature 7). To the east of the central burial were features 5 and 6, interpreted as elements belonging to the construction of the front end of the tomb. Feature 1, the central burial, was a stone structure, the grave pit held the remains of a maturus individual of undetermined sex. The absolute date obtained for the inhumation is 4765±35 BP which corresponds to 3641–3382 BC. These dates are compatible with the age estimated for the settlement finds attributed to the “classic phase” of development of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the loess upland of south-eastern Poland
Remains of a monumental structure linked with the Funnel Beaker culture were discovered in Strzeszkowice Duże (Lublin District, Poland) during a rescue excavation carried out prior to investment works (building expressway S19 from Lublin to Kraśnik). The structure did not contain any burial chamber or burial. In one of ditches forming the outline of the construction, there was a hoard of nine artefacts made of Świeciechów flint.
Remains of three medieval stone towers are curiosities of the Chełm Land. They are located on the Cathedral Hill in Chełm, in Chełm-Bieławin and in Stołpie. The latter is the only one which has survived throughout the centuries in its almost original form, even though it was modified and restored in the past. In contrast, the tower from Bieławin has been almost completely destroyed. The remains of the tower (or towers) from the Cathedral Hill in Chełm are hidden among ruins of the presently excavated residence complex of King Daniel of Galicia, in the south part of the hill. Each of the above-named towers are similar in form and they all date back to the 13th century. However, many features which clearly distinguish them can be pointed out at the same time. Chosen aspects of the study of these structures are presented in the paper
Repatriation, understood as a return to the country of ancestors, does not always look like people’s initial mental images prior to departure. The realities often differ from the dreams and after arrival it turns out that everything is different, unknown-foreign. The reality is disappointing but the lack of alternatives is the starting point for the difficult process of cultural adaptation, which is not always successful. In 2000–2008 I conducted field research focused on the experiences of Poles returning from Kazakhstan to the homeland of their ancestors, who as a result of forced deportation to the USSR in the years 1936–1946 were abroad for many years. Their situation was extremely complicated and it was only after the year 1990 that repatriation became possible. Meanwhile, after their arrival to Poland they had to face a number of challenges, includ¬ing public debate about their identity and a questioning of their right to Polish self-identification. In the research it transpired that the “Polishness” of repatriates does not fit the romantic vision shared by some of their compatriots for whom they were too Soviet. The “uprootedness” experienced by the descendants of Poles deported from the country which they longed for many years was much more severe than the one they felt in Kazakhstan. In this paper I discuss a number of issues related to the impact of specific imaginations and expectations preceding their decision to migrate on their later life satisfaction and cultural adaptation
The reported research in Malżyce, site 30, situated on one of the vast loess-covered elevations of the Małopolska Upland has brought valuable data on the Funnel Beaker (TRB) and the Corded Ware (CWC) cultures in West Małopolska. The central grave of the TRB barrow was accompanied by five younger graves of the CWC and three graves of the Mierzanowice culture. In the TRB grave two vessels and a flint trapezium were found. In its size and constructional traits the Malżyce TRB barrow is analogous to various CWC features of this type. But because of its dating — the TRB tumulus in Malżyce cannot be regarded as a valid argument for deriving CWC burial mounds from TRB structures
Rescue excavations at an artefact manufacturing site at Pęgów, Poddębice district, dated to the modern period, have produced several dozens of lumps of flint. The flint exhibits greyish and brownish bands and is macroscopically similar to the well-known banded flint occurring in the area of Krzemionki Opatowskie, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski district. Artefacts made from this tentatively named ‘Pęgów flint’ have been identified in archaeological assemblages of different chronological age in the Koło Basin. To verify whether macroscopically similar nodules and artefacts come from the same outcrop and if the artefacts made of banded flint are made of the Krzemionki Opatowskie flint, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was conducted on samples of Pęgów flint and banded raw material from Krzemionki Opatowskie. Although most of the obtained results fall below INAA detection limits the compostion of chromium content in each sample may reflect common origin of all the analysed pieces from Pęgów. INAA data suggest that the artifacts made of banded flint were mot made from Krzemionki Opatowskie material.
Rescue excavations on the Bandkeramik (LBK) settlement of Rovantsi in Volhynia brought to light several extraordinary objects such as two valves of Spondylus gaederopus and Šárka style pottery. Those discoveries reaffi rm the extent of the Early Neolithic long-distance exchange network, of which the easternmost LBK settlements once formed an integral part. A calvarium of a mature female was found in a pit at Rovantsi. Since skeletal remains of a Bandkeramik date are extremely rare in Ukraine, this discovery will be discussed in the following article.
The research around the palaeo-lake of Gebel Ramlah has revealed the presence of numerous remains of Late Neolithic occupation. One such site – E-16-02 – was excavated in 2018 and delivered unique evidence pointing to the specific style of life of human groups here in the later Neolithic. In the light of the available evidence, it seems that the occupation was seasonal and the site was visited several times. Its main feature was an oven, carefully designed and regularly cleaned as it served for cooking food during subsequent visits to the place. The remaining features were occasionally constructed during each stay. The distribution of flint artefacts, chaotic, unpatterned, without visible places of flint processing and lacking clear links with features and remains of pottery vessels also indicate multiple visits to the site. This pattern is obviously different to that recognized during the Holocene climatic optimum when the extent of the settlements was substantially larger accompanied by a diversity of features indicating a stable, long-lasting occupation (Al Jerar Unit)
The research, conducted by the Chair of Medieval Archaeology, coordinates 11 local projects sampling a wide area between the Central Mediterranean and the Near East, with a particular focus on central Italy and south Jordan. Each project aims to produce a historical-archaeological interpretation of a cultural area in its production and socio-economic aspects, including cultural and ideological “profiles”. The paper will elaborate on the results achieved by research teams in Italy and Jordan with a special attention to actual contributions brought by the project to archaeological methods and historical interpretation in general.
Research on more than 900 fragments of medieval stained glass from different places and periods (from the 12th to the 16th c.) gives grounds for a discussion of select issues connected with research methodology and interpretation of results. Topical issues concern 19th c. restoration of stained glass windows and their modern interpretation, research on particular panels, windows and sets of windows, as well as coloured glass, in the lattermost case especially red glass and 12th c. blue glass produced from Roman tesserae
Research on the organisational aspects of flint working in the Dutch Linear Bandkeramik Culture (LBK) is summarized, focussing on approaches that analyse not only the relationships between settlements and regional extraction points, but also within- and between-site interactions in terms of craft specialisation. Special attention is paid to the situation at the end of the LBK settlement of the region, when traditional exchange networks collapsed and new patterns of collaboration emerged
The research paper describes Šuto Orizari, a district of Skopje where the ethnic majority is Roma. I place my analysis beyond the popular clichés used in interpretations of Roma neighbourhoods, which are limited to romanticising and marginalising the community. I attempt to show that the phenomenon of Romani architecture, as a consequence of multi-level discrimination by a majority society, has become the backbone of social emancipation.
The research state of hillforts and castles dated from the 8th to the 15th century from upper Dniestr basin (Ukraina) is still poorly recognised. The situation did not improve recent „synthetics” comments (Korčyns’kyj 1998a; 1998b). They do not support appropriate adequate data so one can hardly accept them. Those comments are also not the results of completed and professional analysis mentioned in the hillforts and castles. In conclusion there is an urgent need to publish the catalogue of hillforts and castles recognising on upper Dniestr territory
The researchers have been focused increasingly on war crime archaeology in recent years, e.g. the most significant until now scientific and logistic achievements which were archaeological-exhumation works carried out 30 years ago, related to searching for mass hidden graves of Polish officers, policemen and other civil servants murdered in spring of 1940 by NKVD in Katyn, Kharkiv and Mednoye. These were the first survey researches performed abroad on such a huge scale by Polish archaeologists. Obtained information concerning exact burial locations, the number of victims, burial ground sizes and final identification of the method and murder weapon which contributed to confirmation, verification and completion of our knowledge included in documents concerning the truth of The Katyn Massacre. Experience gained and excavation methodology of those mass graves exploration was presented and reported in detail in numerous publications (Głosek 1995; 2001; 2011; 2021; Kola 1995; 1996; 1998; 2001; 2005; 2021; Młodziejowski 1995) outlining cognitive possibilities and research directions for future studies and challenges. One of the most important tasks was the victims identification which was possible thanks to objects found with the bodies. This article objective is to present new obtained knowledge, using particular types of objects (personal movable property) and their systematization. Moreover, the article authoress, also working on the restoration of these objects and deciphering inscriptions placed on them, wanted to indicate particular object groups significance in the victims identification. <br>
Researchers of the audiosphere often use the term “soundscape” for sounds that are registered and evaluated by humans. A soundscape is part of the environment in the broad sense. It creates the atmosphere of a place, influences attitudes toward that place, and shapes cultural identity as well as the related ethnic identity. Studies on the impact of sounds on social life have been conducted within various disciplines, including sound ethnography. One of the methods used is “soundwalks” (or soundwalking”). Soundwalks can be used, for example, to produce landscape maps that take into account the sources of sounds occurring in a given area and the methods by which they are evaluated. Such walks also allow changes in the soundscape to be registered. Changes are most often caused by various types of development projects, which frequently cause the noise level to increase and sometimes eliminate silence. Various adherents of the “relational” currents of posthumanism, sociobiology, and cultural ecology question the dichotomy between nature and culture. To speak of the unity of humans and nature, they use the term “naturo-culture” (Bruno Latour and his followers) or “naturoculture” (Donna Haraway and her followers). According to the author of the article, the natural environment’s devastation by humans testifies to the lack of unity and harmony between nature and culture, as well as to the lack of a sense of community.Contemporary humans, especially in the Western world, often have little contact with the natural environment: they do not know it, care for it, understand it, or appreciate its beneficial influence on health and potential for promoting comprehensive development and social relations. We are increasingly confronted with “nature-deficit syndrome” and “cultural autism.” These concepts are used, among others, by Richard Louv, author of the book Last Child in the Woods, which points to the disastrous effects of these phenomena.Differences in attitudes toward the natural environment often result in disputes and deep social divisions. We see numerous conflicts between environmentalists and “business representatives” (generally speaking, supporters of new investment projects, regardless of their impact on the natural environment). An illustration of this phenomenon is the struggle to preserve the Czerniakowskie Lake nature reserve and the adjacent areas, which are threatened by plans to build a huge housing estate in that part of the capital. The author discusses the successive stages of the struggle in the summer and fall of 2019. In the author’s opinion, the dispute over the nature reserve can be interpreted as a conflict between defenders of the natural environment and the actions of “business representatives” threatening it. It is also an example of a conflict between different visions of reality, different ways of seeing the relationship between nature and culture, and different values and attitudes. There is also an opposition here between what is a community’s “own” and what is “other.”
Researchers on Muslim migrants’ presence in Europe are mainly interested in following their integration paths in their new countries, and, to a lesser extent, their dilemmas linked to the specificity of their countries of origin. In this article the focus is on the influence of ethnicity, understood in terms of categories inherent in the sending context, on the dilemmas of identity of Moroccan interviewees in Granada and Paris
Researches on prehistoric flint mines are currently widely developing, as they allow a deep insight into the past economy, early industry, and the network of trading routes and inter-regional contacts. In the territory of Poland and in general, Central Europe, one of the most important flint raw materials was an Upper Jurassic chert, so-called chocolate flint. In this paper are presented preliminary results of the research of chocolate flint mine in Poręba Dzierżna, site 24 (Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, southern Poland). The outcrop, and anthropogenic relief indicating the activity of prehistoric miners, were discovered in 2013. Recently excavations undertaken on the site recorded the remains of mining shafts, spoil heaps, and rich traces of workshops. The deposits of chocolate flint were previously known only in the Holy Cross Mountains, 130 km to the NE. The research undertaken has therefore a significant impact on the existing interpretations related to the extraction, use, and distribution of chocolate flint by prehistoric communities in Central Europe
The results from field research carried out recently in connection with the construction of Motorway A4 and the ring road for Wrocław represent essential new evidence which has added to our understanding of the social structure of the Early Iron Age communities in Silesia. From Poland, until recently, we have had at our disposal only a handful of persuasive evidence to con¬firm the existence in Early Iron Age societies in our region of an outstanding, leading stratum. For the first time at Domasław (distr. Wrocław, Lower Silesia) at the cemetery of the “Lusatian Culture” people dated to the Bronze and Early Iron Age was discovered a complex of several dozen Hallstatt cremation graves of elaborate construction and exceptionally rich furnishings. The graves from the Hallstatt period represent a separate province in the cemetery. We may assume that the in¬dividuals buried in them belonged to a social stratum quite apart from the rest of the community. Premises which help us grasp the social structure of the Early Iron Age people in Silesia have been secured at settlement sites. For the first time in Silesia, and even in Poland and Central Europe, we have gained such a wide-scale perspective on settlement sites of the Lusatian Culture people. This has made possible diverse analyses of the layout, character of the build-up, social topography of settlement sites, economic issues, as well as diverse aspects of social and symbolic culture
The results of excavations on site 1 at Kurzątkowice, Oława dicstrict, make a very essential contribution to the studies on La Tène culture settlements on the area of modern Poland. Unearthed at the above mentioned site were relics of a small La Tène culture settlement in form of settlement features typical for that time, such as a shallow pit-house, pits of various purpose, clay-pit or pottery kiln. The material, found inside of these features, consisting almost exclusively of vessel pottery, indicates that the features may be dated to the Early La Tène period. The importance of these discoveries is emphasised by the fact that the above mentioned features at Kurzątkowice are up till now the only known settlement features of La Tène culture on modern Polish lands which may be dated to phase LT B1-B2. Many attributes of the pottery workshop registered at Kurzątkowice indicate that the Celtic settlers from Lower Silesia were closely related to the lands of central Danube river basin, particularly to the area of Moravia
The results of the research on newly discovered wreck in Kobyla Kępa - a large river craft are presented and discussed. The wreck was found in the area of the former estuary of the Vistula River to the Vistula Lagoon. At the time of the discovery only the bottom part of the vessel 22 meter long and 3 meter wide was preserved. The characteristic element of this craft, however, is the L-shaped chine-plank. Carvels secured bottom planks were caulked in the way characteristic for the Hanseatic period. The dating of the last preserved sapwood ring to 1291 AD shows that the vessel was built very shortly after this year. The research made on the oak wood samples from Kobyla Kępa vessel shows that already at that time building material wastransported from different parts of Poland to one of the Hanseatic towns at the Lower Vistula River - most probably Elbląg
The results of the zooarchaelogical researches over animal bone finds in number 17202 excavated on 11 Slovak archaeological sites, dated on different cultures of Bronze Age, especially on Lusatian culture are presented and discussed. Together in investigated assemblages one recognized bones of seven sorts of domestic animals, determing 97,4% of analysed material and small debris of bone remnants of 21 sorts of wild living animals representing mostly hunted animals (2,6%)
The results we obtained demonstrate the benefits of collaboration between numismatics and natural sciences. Interdisciplinary research conducted on part of the second hoard from Strzelce Krajeńskie reveals its research potential and value as an archaeological source for the study of monetary history.
The reviewed publication, published in 2019 by the British publishing house Archaeopress, is a collection of texts based on papers and posters presented at the international conference under the same title held in Prague in April 2018. This meeting brought together archaeologists from many European countries – including Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Italy, and Hungary – who conduct research on the early-modern period and the pertaining material culture. Both this event and the book in question were a response to the needs of the academic community, due to the ongoing development of historical archaeology in Europe and an increase in research on artefacts and other evidence recovered during fieldwork related to this. The time-frame of the post-medieval period differs slightly across particular European countries, encompassing artefacts from between the 15th and 18th centuries
The Rothschild Lycurgus Cup from the 4th c. AD is one of the most renowned masterpieces of late Roman glass workmanship. It represents a type referred to as ‘cage cups’ (diatreta) and belongs to a rare group of dichroic glass. It depicts the punishment of king Lycurgus for his hubris against Dionysus. The focus of the paper is on the iconography of the decoration and its symbolism. The frieze on the Lycurgus Cup is compared to other representations of the myth on ancient vases and mosaics in order to get a broader view of the theme. Moreover, the paper introduces a different interpretation related to a possible other usage of the cup
Rubieżewicze, Minsk Oblast (Belarus)
Rubinkowo is a high-rise housing estate built in Toruń in the 1970s. Self-sufficient, distant from the centre of Toruń and the cultural institutions located therein, it was initially known as “the end of the world” or a “satellite settlement”. The specificity of the undeveloped space between the buildings made the animation of leisure time during winter holidays not an easy task. In winter, its irregular hills, playgrounds devoid of any facilities, and poorly developed infrastructure made the newly built estate seem exceptionally unfriendly. Yet both the social activists and the residents themselves tried to find a way to develop it. Various business organizations, as well as local cultural and educational institutions, were involved in making the dreary reality more colourful. Everything was organised in such a way that children and teenagers living at the Rubinkowo estate were provided with attractions that would allow them to spend their free time in an interesting manner. The purpose of the current is to trace selected press articles and chronicle records documenting how, at the beginning of the formation of the estate, the free-time animation was dealt with in a space that was difficult to manage and was mainly inhabited by young married couples with children. Both top-down proposals and grassroots actions undertaken by adults and children are of importance here. Winter in the city contributed to specific attempts at taming this new space, so very different from other areas of the city
Rydno is a unique, Final Paleolithic hematite mine located on the north-eastern footslopes of the Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie) in the Kamienna Valley. Intensive excavations of the mine as well as at numerous surrounding sites yield data relevant to various problems concerning social structures, economy, ownership status, etc. of the small societies of the Final Paleolithic
Rzepecki’s article on the thanatology of Middle Neolithic populations in Kujawy that was published in the previous volume of Sprawozdania Archeologiczne provokes a very interesting and important discussion regarding archaeology of funerary practices. This brief comment contributes to the discussion regarding several related topics
The saddle together with other forms of horse tack and equestrian equipment have considerably contributed to the subdual of the horse to man. Most probably, this is the reason why it has played a significant role in armiscara=harmiscara, a symbolic act of submission and reconciliation as well as public penance. The saddle made it possible for a rider to sit on a horse in balance. Besides, sitting high in the saddle, the rider gained advantage over footmen and consequently enjoyed a dominant position on the battlefield. A saddled horse served both the Slavic gods Svetovit and Triglav and divine knights conquering evil such as Archangel Michael or the saints George, Florian, Eustace, Martin. In addition to the above cultural issues, the present article also contains an analysis of a military connection between the saddle and the banner used as a means of commanding a tactical unit, noticeably called a banner. All the relevant examples come from the Battle of Płowce, fought in 1331, the battles of Grunwald and Koronowo – 1410
Saint-Louis, the former capital of French West Africa, is a unique example of instilling European urban ideas on African soil. The city originated from the seventeenth-century factory of European merchants, located on the island in the mouth of the Senegal river. In an urban space emerging from scratch, French urban planners were free to create a colonial city. Saint-Louis is a model testimony of the confrontation between two logics of urbanization: the African (spontaneous) one and the European one (contained in rigid rules). The core of the colonial city has survived to the present day, setting an example of how European designs are adapted to local natural and social conditions. Specific spatial arrangements and social structure which are a derivative of 300 years of European domination have survived in this African city to this day
Salt was produced in a number of ways in ancient times. Evaporation using briquetage was the commonest, but mining or quarrying rock salt is better known, especially from the famous mines at Hallstatt (Gmunden district) and the Dürrnberg (Hallein district). One of the richest areas for salt is the Carpathian zone; the article describes the results of recent fieldwork in Romania, where a technique using wooden troughs and wattle-framed ponds was used. It is argued that a form of open-cast mining was employed, the troughs used to assist breaking up the rock salt surface, and perhaps also to facilitate concentration of brine
Scholarship on Georgian food and drinking culture has been expanding in the past decades. However, scholars have focused mostly on private spaces of food preparation and consumption, as well as on domestic practices of hospitality. This paper tries to expand the scope of these studies by looking at spaces previously omitted: namely spaces of industrial food production. Building on the results of fieldwork conducted in Western Georgia (the Samegrelo region) between 2016 and 2017, as well as several short field trips in 2015, this paper focuses on gendered moral economies of tea (Camellia sinensis) production in a context of economic change in Georgia. This paper follows people who produce one commodity: tea. Although not broadly considered a legitimate part of Georgian foodways, it is imprinted in the lives of the people who both used to and still do work in tea manufacturing. The analysis focuses on one main protagonist: a tea technologist employed at a factory. In so doing, it demonstrates the moral economies in which downgrading, migration and coping strategies are embedded
These studies aimed at revealing the transformations in the pottery production in the Linear Pottery culture. In the course of longstanding analyses of archaeological materials from Lesser Poland, a few technological groups of this pottery were distinguished. A significant change in preparation of ceramic fabrics was recorded in the late LBK phase, namely the Želiezovce phase. The objective of the studies presented in this paper was to gather of all data and confront it with the most recent findings coming from the sites Targowisko and Brzezie. Based on the conducted investigations it was established that the major indicators of the late LBK phases were the occurrence of grog admixture, significantly less common application of organic admixture, and a smaller contribution of ceramic fabrics tempered with sand. In the light of the chronology of the materials under scrutiny, a distinctive predominance of ceramic fabrics with grog admixture was observed when compared with the set of ceramic bodies previously analysed
These workshops add to the information from the other known similar places in this region of the Marne area, including the mining complex of Jablines itself. There were no settlements next to the mines, but in the surrounding areas, and the related distance remains to be explained.
The second hoard from Strzelce Krajeńskie was discovered in 2014. The assemblage consists of at least 1948 coins. The article presents the interdisciplinary study of 109 of these coins. Apart from all Prague groschen, wittens, hellers and Jagiellonian pennies also 10 Brandenburg and 70 West Pomeranian pennies were loaned for this project by the museum where the assemblage is housed. Care was taken to select the most statistically representative sample possible. Twenty Vinkenaugen from the Szczecin mint were selected – as well as ten pennies minted in Gryfino, Koszalin, Słupsk, Stargard and Kołobrzeg. Additionally, 48 coins were subjected to a metallographic analysis – 18 Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV, two pennies of Vladislaus III, two Mecklenburg and three West Pomeranian wittens, four coins identified as Silesian hellers and 19 West Pomeranian pennies.
The second methodological revolution for Trypillia mega-sites is leading to an interpretative shift from the study of entire mega-sites to the study of their constituent Neighbourhoods and Quarters. We are now in the process of developing the theoretical implications of this shift, which should lead to a parallel change in social interpretations from the classification of the political structure of an entire mega-site to a more nuanced study of the nested levels of the settlement – person, household, neighbourhood and entire settlement. We begin this theoretical work in this chapter which we take pleasure in dedicating to John’s friend Jacek Lech. It focuses on a neglected, but key, aspect of the research agenda: the Cucuteni–Trypillia ‘Big Other’
Sediments from two archeological sites in Dąbki have been subjected to a diatom analysis. Basing on the com position and the quantity ratio of the ecologic groups of diatoms som e stratigraphic units of a biofacies character have been distinguished. The diatom facies distinguished have enabled a paleoecologic characteristics of the sites under investigation. The flora of diatoms preserved in the deposits from the Atlantic period and, especially, the prevailing of oligohalobous epiphytic diatoms indicate their developm ent to have taken place in the bank zone of a fresh waterreservoir. The increased quantities of the epiphytic oligohalobous halophilous diatoms is connected with ecologic conditions having changed in the reservoir due to the inflow of saline water
Selected examples of stove tiles are presented in this article in the context of an iconographic analysis of their relief decoration, which included Biblical symbols and scenes as a reflection of the people’s need to surround themselves with religious motifs that expressed their spiritual beliefs. Stove tiles were decorated with motifs that were widely recognized and important in the lives of ordinary people. These images of Christ, the Virgin Mary, saints and scenes from the Scripture helped individuals to keep and defend the faith, especially in times of need. They gave people the much needed feeling of God’s presence in their lives and at the same time allowed them to express their religious beliefs by decorating furnaces with this type of motifs
Self-silencing can be a discursive strategy for presenting personal opinions in casual conversations about politics, especially when these take place in an unpredictable or hostile socio-political environment. In such situations, political identities may be performed through the use of inferred forms, such as allusion, irony or implicit suggestion. In this article, forms of muting one’s voice by using indirect speech are tracked in interviews conducted among villagers in the mountainous Nowy Targ county in southern Poland at the beginning of the 21st century. The aim in presenting these examples is to show that sometimes selfsilencing can serve to make an adversary’s voice more audible, to help avoid definitive judgement and to create space for an exchange of opinions
Sensory landscapes of mining life are linked to the subjective voices which express their history and memory. Starting from an ethnographic research, I shall discuss the relationship between performative aspects of oral memory, and the aural and visual dimensions of modern-day mining work.
The set of objects of glassy materials under examination counted close to 1300 pieces. Graves from the Bronze Age contained about 20 beads, those from Ha C more than 1250 beads and 2 heads of bronze pins. The older pieces are homogeneous from a formal point of view, that is, they are plain, made of a clearly translucent turquoise glass. The younger objects were manufactured either of weakly translucent blue and/or opaque yellow glass. Physicochemical analyses have demonstrated that the clearly translucent turquoise glasses constituted “true” LMHK glass that was typical of the European Bronze Age. The weakly translucent blue material represented so-called glassy faience (LMMK and LMGGF were identified in it) and objects made of it were spread through the territories of modern Poland in the Ha C (and in the beginning of Ha D). The yellow opaque glass can be assigned to “true” LMG glass, widespread in Europe in the Early Iron Age and later
The settlement of the Linear Pottery culture population documented in Kostomłoty, Środa Śląska district, consisted of characteristic longhouses accompanied by various pits forming isolated households. Seven such complexes were observed within the excavated area as well as a complex of spacious dug-out features differing from typical Linear Pottery culture pits. The analysis of the flintworking from this settlement provides new data on the function of this aspect of manufacturing and its context in the first farming communities in Silesia. The unusual character of flintworking in the settlement in Kostomłoty is attributed to being a probable result of the settlement’s marginal location in relation to the centre of Linear Pottery culture settlement.
Several features and tools connected with flint quarrying and exploitation have been found at the "S. Bartolomeo" shelter (Mt. Maiella — Central Italy): a waste heap, a flint workshop, a flint pick and several limestone cobbles employed as heavy hammers. This site was an intermediate altitude hunting camp of early final Epigravettian age where flint was seasonally quarried
Seweryn Malawski’s monograph dedicated to Polish gardens in the 18th century undoubtedly is a breath of fresh air in the research on horticulture. The book offers numerous new themes, including, above all, the cultural context provided by the author that organises our knowledge of the subject to date. Unfortunately, this publication has also some shortcomings, namely, it gives readers an incomplete image of the content suggested by the book’s title. For example, it fails to properly address the important Polish phenomenon that was the role of women in creating gardens. Also, no reference was made to collecting, which was very popular at the time and often associated with horticulture. Furthermore, the book does not include even the slightest mention of the phenomenon referred to as Masonic gardens or gardens other than those linked to residences (monastic, botanical, public). <br>
The shells of a Cepaea vindobonensis (Fér.) snail, found during archaeological excavations at site 63 in Krzczonowice, are the subject of the present study. The site is located in the northern part of the Sandomierz Upland, south-eastern Poland. Shells of this type have been recorded in a small number of settlement features, which belong to the Globular Amphorae Culture. They unambiguously determine the character of the habitats around the site at the end of the Neolithic period. In the New Stone Age, the loess hill was deforested and then a xeromethric grassland Festuco-Brometea grew, where animals were pastured. Pasturing is an important factor in preventing the natural succession of shrubs. After pasturing ceased to be cultivated, the character of the habitat changed into a shrubby one. Thermophilous shrub clusters of Eastern Poland ,which enjoyed dry forest floor conditions, (Tilio-Carpinetum melittetosu) was later settled by the Bradybaena fruticum (Müll.) species. The xerophilous C. vindobonensis did not receive the proper conditions it needed so it withdrew from the area, this is confirmed by the lack of its remains within the settlement features from the early Iron Age and the Roman period. Molluscs play a vital role in drawing conclusions about the type of habitat used by man and as a “biological data record” they constitute an integral element of an archaeological site. They also leave a natural proof, which aids in the process of determining the cultural facts
The short observation of the foundation and development of the chairs of archaeology of Lviv University, beginning from its foundation in 1905 is given in the article. The thesis demonstrates the process of reforming of archaeological education in the University. The author has clarified the role of the Chairs of Archaeology at the Faculty of Philosophy inorganizing archaeological research. The first head of the chair was the famous researcher K. Hadaczek. In 1916 the Chair of classical archaeology was headed by E. Bulanda. He worked here till 1939. In 1921 the Chair of prehistory was founded. The famous archaeologist and politician L. Kozłowski was the head of this Chair till 1939. Such famous scientists asK. Majewski, K. Michałowski, T. Sulimirski, M. Smiszko, I. Starczuk, K. Żurowski worked in these two chairs during the period between two World Wars. In 1940-1941 the chairs were headed by J. Pasternak and K. Majewski respectively. After World War II the Chairs werejoined into the chair of Archeology and history of Ancient World. The Chair was headed by I. Wejckiwskyj. It was renamed into the Chair of history of Ancient World and Medievalism in 1949. The Chair begins to specialize on archeology again in 1994. And its title was changing again - the chair of archaeology, antiquity and medievalism. In 2004 it separated into two structures. Now it is the chair of archaeology and history of Ancient World. Two professors, six PhD, two assistants and one technician are worked there
Silence and noise are typically perceived as opposing phenomena. In today’s world noise seems omnipresent, and is described as ‘the plague of our times’. Terms as ‘noise hell’, ‘noise dictatorship’ and ‘times of noise’ are used to describe the current state. It becomes evermore difficult to find silence. Many authors, a.o. these cited by the Author of this article: like Erling Kagge, Robert Sarah, Nicolas Diat and Siergiej J. Rumjancew speak of the quest to find silence, its meaning, influence on health and personal relationships, and dangers associated with life in a world dominated by ever-present, unsilenced noise. Moreover, this article presents findings of Polish (Wrocław) scholars regarding the phenomenon of silence, its understanding and experience. The Author presents data from preliminary research about silence and noise which she has conducted among the inhabitants of the Warsaw district of Mokotów (specifically its part called Garden-City Sadyba and the neighbouring block of flats Bernadyńska). The aim is to provide answers about the meaning of these phenomena for the inhabitants of this area, the influence on their everyday life, neighbour relations, attitudes towards their place of settlement. Another focus of research is to illustrate the changes in this soundscape, pointing to their sources and consequences. Part of the text is devoted to the ‘demise of silence’ in areas where large construction projects (like airport or hydroelectric power plant) are realised. As such it is difficult to determine how to reconcile the needs of a growing city with the demands of advocates of silence, how to resolve conflicts among people who love silence and these who find it dull and futile
Since the 1990's cultural anthropology and different disciplines of the social sciences have witnessed an increasing number of studies and discussions on the Internet. The Internet and cyberspace raise new questions for anthropology because they transcend the boundaries of the nation-state and offer new ways of creating identities — ethnic, cultural, social, gender identities — and new spaces for self-representation. In this paper, I discuss a few contradictions in the relationship between tradition, identity and new media. An excellent example illustrating the specific nature of these contradictions concerns the marriage rules practiced by the Roma in modern Romania and Poland. I also analyze the Internet's potential for supporting contemporary ethnic identities (Kurds, Gottschee from Slovenia, Uyghurs, Aromanians). In the case of diasporic communities, cyberspace allows them, on the one hand, to transcend their isolation, their nostalgia, their displacement and their pain of dislocation and on the other, to mobilise and form themselves culturally and politically as they re-construct their space, place, and sense of home. This is facilitated through, among others, the articulation, re-telling and (re)construction of shared pasts, histories, stories and memories
Since the beginning of the 20ties century in Poland archaeology has become a separate course at the university. From the history of archaeology we know that our discipline was first taught at the University in Lvov (Lwów), then at the University in Kraków and after the World War I the Department of Archaeology as a separate direction at the university have been established at the University in Warsaw (Warszawa) and in Poznań. Along with the increase of education and with the advent of many specializations within the humanisties alone, especially within the history but also within ethnology and cultural anthropology and established within the last decade new university courses such as: Ochrona Dóbr Kultury (Cultural Heritage); Muzealnictwo (Museums Studies); Krajoznastwo (Landscape Studies); Turystyka - turystyka historyczna (Historical Tourism) i turystyka kulturowa (Cultural Tourism), for each of this course one archaeological subject is predicted. This subject is taught under the name dependent on the discipline, it is called: Prehistoric Europe/Prehisotry of Polish Lands/Prehistoric Cultures. This subject should be treated as mandatory according to some ministerial standards, but very small number of hours is dedicated to it, usually is 30 hours of lectures in one semester. In my article I try to look at the current Polish situation and gather some observations concerning syllabuses and textbooks. On the bases of my observations I try to identify some bullet points which can be used as the guided items for the discussion concerning the goals , effects, learning outcomes of this type of university lectures
Since the dawn of mankind, defence against an enemy has been one of the major stimuli of the growth of culture and civilization. Bruszczewo is a unique example of Early Bronze settlement in Great Poland. The paper is intended to present the results of spatial analysis on the mentioned site with respect to different elements of the landscape. It will also show the results of the viewshed analysis and interpretation the defence potential of Bruszczewo settlement. For this purpose, DTM and thematic maps were produced. The last element presented in the paper will be the results of the analysis of the spatial pattern of the fortifications founded on the site. Based on the mentioned results, it will be possible to interpret the phenomenon of the formation of the spatial layouts to create the surrounding environment. This information will allow landscape preferences that might have made Early Bronze Age communities choose specific settings for their settlement to be isolated
Since the mid-1970s, the Polish Archaeological Record has been a national program in Poland with the primary objective of cataloguing archaeological sites, providing detailed descriptions and exact geographical locations. It is in operation to this day. So far, approximately 90% of the area of Poland has been prospected and almost 470,000 archaeological sites catalogued. Currently, work is underway to digitise the entire database. This paper presents our attempts to use the digitised data from this database to study the intensity of settlement processes in the past as well as how to visualise these data on a map. For the purpose of this research, archaeological data from an area in the northeast of Poland were digitised in a GIS environment. Examples of similar spatial analyses were taken from Scottish and Czech research and adapted to this case. The results, a series of maps showing the intensity of traces of human habitation in different time periods, demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of such visualisations. <br>
Since the Middle Ages, two loca sacra have been marked in the religious space of Cracow: Wawel and Skalka, permanently linked by the hagiographic legend of St Stanislaus, a bishop and martyr. For more than eight hundred years, the cult of St Stanislaus has been as interesting as well as complex phenomenon, and has had many manifestations. Over the course of history, it has taken on various forms and varying degrees of inten-sity, with its spectacular expression being the cyclical religious rituals held in the urban space enclosed be-tween the cathedral church on Wawel Hill and the sanctuary on Skałka. The annual patronal ceremonies and the coronation ritual, belonging to the cyclical system of assuming the royal throne, had the longest lifespan. Their characteristic accent were the public processions from Wawel to Skałka. Of the many, the May patronal procession has survived to this day and is sometimes seen as a continuation of the previous ones. The author poses a question concerning the validity of identifying these ritual forms. <br>
Since the year 1989, the inventories of Jewish cemeteries in Pilica, Olkusz (two cemeteries), Dąbrowa Górnicza, Sławków (now in the Krzykawka area, Bolesław municipality), Jaworzno, Chrzanów, Czeladź and Będzin have been carried out. In this article, the main issue will be the tombstones, which are called ‘a small architecture’. Here we focus on the typologisation of the gravestones with the special consideration of the vertical gravestone stele, which are most often associated with the term ‘matzeva’. The typologisation of the artwork material is an important preliminary work, whose goal is the complete monographic treatment of the necropolis. The chronology of the described cemeteries is the last 200 years. At the old cemetery in Olkusz there are single tombstones from the 17th and 18th centuries. <br>
Thesis on the links (often discreet) between scientific knowledge and the political will to power currently dynamizes research in many areas of the humanities and social sciences. In some cases, the disclosure of these relationships does not require master skills in the critical suspicion, as these were overt and recognized by scholars as a duty of science. This was exactly the case of Portuguese ethnology and anthropology since their formation in the nineteenth century until the Revolution of the Carnations (1974). Assuming that these historical links of Portuguese ethnology and anthropology with politics are not widely known, we dedicate this work to that issue
Site 1 in Zofipole east of Kraków is known for long-standing research conducted in 1930s and 1940s. In 1986 test excavations were conducted in the eastern, up to then unrecognized part of the area. This research led to the discovery of a part of a small settlement of the Baden culture yielding interesting and diversified (while not numerous) sources for studies into this culture in Lesser Poland. This research is worth discussing due to new radiocarbon data, animal bones analyses, the discoveries of a dwelling feature and presumed symbolic burial and fragments of pottery for salt production
The site 2 in Marchocice in Little Poland has been already known to archaeologists for more than one hundred years. Recent application of different approaches and research tools helped acquire a new, startling picture confirming the unique cognitive potential of this spectacular areal of ancient to activities. The initial impulse to study presented site by field-walking and the successive non-destructive surveys were the promising results of archive aerial and satellite images analysis. This paper presents the results of large-scale spatial approach with the use of magnetic gradiometry as the fastest and the most cost effective geophysical technique capable of detecting a wide variety of anthropogenic transformations. The Marchocice research project can be an example of how in a relatively short time important data which has the potential to be a firm basis or starting point for further, detailed studies may be acquired and mutualy complemented.
Site 27 at Małe Radowiska is located in Chełmno Land in the southern part of the Wąbrzeskie Hills. Archaeological excavations in 2007 revealed abundant material related to settlements of the Linear Pottery culture and the early phase of Late Linear Pottery culture. This paper presents the results of research on this material, including analysis of excavated features, technology, morphology and styles of ceramics and flint tools, the functions of flint products, as well as petrographic and stylistic analysis of stone remains
Site 40 in Trzciano is located in the southern part of Wieczno lake in the Chełmno Lakeland. Archaeological research carried out there in 2012 uncovered multicultural material including sources related to late Banded Pottery settlement. The paper presents analysis of the material, covering the character of nonportable objects; the technology, morphology and style of ceramics and flint items, the function of flint artefacts, petrographic and stylistic analysis of stone artefacts, morphological and functional analysis of antler artefacts, and C14 dating.
The site at Dudka is located in the Mazurian District in northeastern Poland (Fig.l). The prehistoric settlement was situated in the southeastern part of the mineral elevation adjoining the mire called Łąki Staświńskie. Since 1985 this site has been systematically excavated by archaeologists. The heterogeneous archaeological materials, radiocarbon determinations and interpretation of the stratigraphic sequence at the site indicate that the island had been penetrated repeatedly from the early Holocene to the late Stone Age times. The reachest traces of settlement were connected with the early para-Neolithic settlement, the Zedmar culture, dated to the 4th and first half of the 3rd millenium b.c in the eastern and southern Baltic zone (Gumiński, Fiedorczuk 1988; 1990; Fiedorczuk 1995; Gumiński 1995)
The site of Churajón (Depto. Arequipa), the largest prehispanic architectural complex in southern Peru (Ryc. 1, 2), is being investigated since 1993 by the Catholic University „Santa Maria" of Arequipa and archaeologists from Poland (cf. Szykulski 1996, 1998, 1998a, 2000, 2000a; Szykulski & Diaz 2000). This article presents the first results of the seasons of 1995/1996 in the burial towers (chullpas) of Torre Ccasa and Mollebaya peak (Ryc. 5-8), probably from the Late Intermediate Period and Late Horizon period
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