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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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Offshore wind installation targets of EU Member States were considered. The analysis of the national plans showed that EU target can be exceeded, provided the appropriate resources are committed: offshore space, capital and supply chain. Spatial plans were analyzed and the need for the number of installed turbines was determined. The capital needs to cover the costs of investment outlays were analyzed. A projection for the number of wind turbines installed in Europe up to 2030 was presented. The analysis identified how the resources committed to the targets will contribute to: the generation of electricity, the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and contribution to improving Europe’s energy independence. <br>
On the basis of 2001, 2007, 2012 and 2018 phytosociological records obtained from 52 permanent plots distributed across Poland’s Kampinos National Park, it proved possible to determine main directions of change in the ecological character of undergrowth. Reference to similarity of species composition on the plots between 2001 and 2018 allowed for the identification of Groups: A (occurring in boggy alder forest habitats, and comprising communities at different successional stages), B (coniferous and mixed-coniferous forests), C (oak-hornbeam forests and similar communities) and D (vegetation representing different dynamic stages of the succession from non-forest to forest communities). Irrespective of each plot’s unique history, the above Groups of plots could be characterised in line with specific sets of features subject to directional change during the period under analysis. Where Group A communities were concerned, a rise in the level of ground water and a decline in the content of organic carbon in soil were experienced, with the result that fen sedge species (Scheuchzerio-Caricetea) came to play a reduced role, even as there was a steadily-increasing role for species associated with communities flooded at least periodically (hence Potamogetonetea and Bidentetea). This was accompanied by a decrease in the number of shrub species and an increase in the number of bryophyte species. There were also increases in the proportions of geophytes and species associated with habitats more abundant in nitrogen. Group B communities were likewise subject to rising water tables, albeit changes not reflected directly in differing vegetation characteristics. The carbon: nitrogen ratio in soils here increased, as did numbers of species characteristic of undergrowth, as well as the bryophyte layer. Nevertheless, where undergrowth species were concerned, the role of those typical for open sandy grasslands (Koelerio-Corynephoretea) is seen to be declining, with this inter alia denoting increased shares of species either tolerant of shade or avoiding full illumination. There has also been a decline affecting hemicryptophytes, even as species associated with more nitrogen-rich habitats have come to account for greater shares. Where Group C communities encountered higher water levels, certain patches present in wetter habitats saw increases in the role played by species characteristic for class Bidentetea. The sorption capacities of soils here decreased, while values for the C: N ratio rose. Tree and shrub species came to be fewer in number as numbers of undergrowth species rose. There were also increases in the roles of species characterising moist verges (Galio-Urticenea), as well as geophytes. Group D communities likewise encountered rising groundwater levels, but did not seem to experience directional change otherwise, within their phytocoenoses. The sorption capacity of their soils nevertheless decreased. Overall, it was possible to note increases over the period in question when it came to numbers of species present in the tree, undergrowth and bryophyte layers. However, while the role of species characteristic for class Nardo-Callunetea increased, that of Trifolio-Geranietea species declined. And, while correlations between vegetation and soil characteristics proved to be different for each of the four groups of communities, there was no precluding model parameters differing significantly from one year of measurement to another.
On the basis of data, collected by the Border Guards, it is not possible to determine the detailed geographical structure of vehicle traffic (passenger cars, heavy loads and coaches) crossing the eastern boundary of Poland. The sole source of information on the origin of the vehicles, coming to Poland, is constituted by the field studies. On the basis of such studies, carried out at five border crossing points (with Russia, Kaliningrad district, Belarus and Ukraine) detailed analysis was performed of the traffic of vehicles at the level of counties in Poland and districts in the countries, bordering upon Poland from the East.
On the basis of inventory research carried out by the authors on single transport FDI, a hierarchy of the ten largest Polish cities is created, and then related to the number of inhabitants. The paper focuses on the location of corporate headquarters (HQs) serving various control (decision-making) functions and simultaneously playing an urban-creative role. The analysis confirms in part only the idea that the more advanced the branch of the economy, the more the city in which a corporate HQ is located is likely to occupy a higher rank in the administrative hierarchy, with a simultaneous large number of affiliates. The findings arise out of in-depth research, albeit on the basis of a relatively small number of incidences of foreign investment in the Polish transport sector. Whether it is the criteria of absolute amount of capital invested, number of employees or number of controlled investments, it is consistently the city of Warsaw and its metropolitan area that tops the rankings. Alongside inter-urban differentiation in transport FDI, analysis also confirms substantial intra-urban variation.
One of the disguises of the entrepreneurial city reaching Eastern Europe is what is called the creativity thesis. The author first points out that the idea of the creative city / creative capital has arrived in Hungary withoutany critical voices heard. He then goes on to evaluate some of the recent urban developments in Budapest linked to the idea of creativity. The paper argues that the idea of creative capital has been translated into developmentpractices differently in the Hungarian context, which has also resulted in the obliteration of creative capital. Finally, the author underlines the importance of new perspectives in counteracting the hegemony of the creativecapital thesis.
One of the most important factors influencing a city’s climate is the ventilation of a given urban unit. The most effective avenue of wind penetration into a built-up area is provided by uninterrupted urban greenery, thoroughfares and railway land radiating from the city centre as well as river valleys cutting through the entire city creating a unified system. These areas are called urban ventilation corridors or urban ventilation wedges. In Warsaw such an air exchange and regeneration system has been under development since the XIX century. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the rate and direction of land use changes in 1992-2015 and indicate the cause of current changes in the development of ventilation corridors in Warsaw. Visual interpretation of SPOT and LANDSAT satellite images and aerial orthophotomaps provided the data source for a database on the state of development of the ventilation corridors in time series. The analysis carried out established that the built-up area mostly spreads at the expense of agricultural land, which can negatively influence the way the parts of ventilation system operate. Moreover, different analyses were conducted in order to discover the cause of the changes, including analysis of the local zoning plans which were in force at the time in question.
One of the most prominent characteristics of rural tourism in Poland is that it has seen many changes in the last 20 years. This stage can be called “new generation of rural tourism”. The Świętokrzyskie Province is one of the most attractive tourist areas in the southeast part of Poland. The nature and diversified landscape are considered a great asset in the development of different forms of tourism in this area. Rural tourism is an increasingly popular form of non-agricultural activity in this region. The article deals with the role of local resources of the village in the development of branded tourist products. Another issue under discussion are various forms of promotion of tourist activity in rural areas of the Świętokrzyskie Province. Świętokrzyskie is a region with exceptional qualities for the development of tourism in rural areas. The study shows that one from factors influeccing of effieciency of rural tourism undertaking is usage of promotion. Among forms of promotion, in greatest meaning plays: publicity (folders, catalogues) and activities of public relations and satisfied guests. Świętokrzyskie is an example that a good idea and joint action of the Świętokrzyskie Province, regional tourism organisations and owners of tourist objects can, with the engagement of small funds, bring considerable benefits.
One of the social groups particularly hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic is people experiencing homelessness, as they are especially vulnerable to infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV‑2). Still, the pandemic also drastically affected their livelihoods, as parts of municipal emergency assistance services have broken away. This article aims to highlight emergency responses of the Berlin Senate to people experiencing homelessness regarding COVID-19. The Senate is responding to the issue, among other things, by expanding and refiguring the existing contingent of shelters run by municipal emergency assistance services, preventing transmission of COVID-19 and treating those infected, and establishing mechanisms of tenant protection. The paper discusses to what extent Senate measures and interventions at the onset of the pandemic can address the emergent need for homeless assistance services in Berlin.
Openness and closure, understood as a physiognomic property of landscape, characterises the possibility of observing far out horizons and broad vistas. The degree of openness of landscape can be treated as a synthetic indicator of the evolution of the natural-cultural environment. A change in the degree of openness / closure of landscape is a lengthy historical-cultural process, lasting hundreds or even thousands of years. It has different course and dynamics in various climatic and vegetation zones. The purpose of the present article is to propose and describe a method of assessment and interpretation of the degree of actual openness of the cultural landscape and to discuss the results obtained, and of comparing the methodology proposed with analogous European elaborates. The average percentage of openness of landscape was assessed according to five classes. The source base for the study was constituted by the satellite images, Corine Land Cover maps, made legible through comparison with the land use maps presenting the state as of the turn of the 21st century. The method here proposed allows for the assessment of the continuous variability of landscapes, expressing the gradient from open to closed landscapes.
Opinions on three gas pipeline projects—Nord Stream, South Stream and Nabucco in five European countries: Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria are analysed. In Germany there is a consensus that Nord Stream is good for Germany, Russia and Europe; objections of other countries against it are not taken as a serious problem. There is a controversy concerning economic viability and political purposefulness of Nabucco. In Italy the government and business support South Stream and are sceptical about Nabucco while some experts express concern of detrimental effects of South Stream on Nabucco and on solidarity in the EU. In the central European countries there is a conviction that Nord Stream and South Stream are elements of geopolitical game of Russia and that it would be advantageous for the to participate in both South Stream and in Nabucco.
Orchard holdings play an important role in rural development in the Grójec county. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the number of holdings specialising in fruit production in this area has been steadily increasing. With the increase in the number of holdings, significant changes are taking place also in terms of their functioning. These changes are caused by technological progress, as well as imposed European Union policy demanding adaptation of the holdings and their production systems to the norms and standards of the EU Member States. Since Poland has joined the European Union, the level of holdings development is steadily improving. The level of equipment of holding with durable means of production is improving and thanks to that holdings have the opportunity to archive better production results and higher income from production. The increase in holdings income contributes to the improvement of the economic situation of the villages. Technological development is accompanied by intellectual development (an increase in the level of educational attainment), which manifests as the increase in the quality of human capital in the villages. The functioning of the fruit farms entails the implementation of the number of investments in rural areas, which contributes to their development. In the holdings are created modern facilities for storing fruit. In the rural areas arises the number of entities serving orchard holdings, for example the purchases of fruit, fruit processing plants and distribution points of protection products, fertilizers and machinery. In this article the orchard holdings operating in Grójec county are characterised in terms of their land resources, human resources and durable means of production. The description of orchard holdings was based on the results of the own research and study, conducted in 2015, as well as on the results of the Agricultural Census in 1996 and 2010.
Our analysis sets out a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of regional development programmes in Ukraine. Specifically, we investigate to what extent the Ukrainian approach to regional development policy resembles the successful approach taken by the EU programmes of Cohesion Policy in the post-2004 New Member States. In addition, drawing on initial versions of Ukrainian national and regional models, we illustrate how the bottom-up regional approach initiated in Ukraine needs to be co-ordinated with a top-down national perspective that identifies and distinguishes national development objectives from specifically regional objectives. Such methodologies, suitably adapted, will be required during post-war reconstruction. <br>
Out of many approaches to landscape connectivity, we choose patch-mosaic, flow-neutral framework for modelling. Our new software system GraphScape transforms a vector mosaic map into landscape graph, finds shortest paths and combines them into minimum spanning tree. The result is an optimal network of connections for a given set of patches. To capture mobile agent properties, we use two types of resistance assigned to patches and transfer resistance assigned to combinations of patch classes. Another alternative is step-model, when transfers occur as if on unweighted graph. Resulting MST is rendered by linear skeleton (binary), Transit Density measure assignable to patches (continuous), and summary statistics. A novelty is compete workflow from vector-based map to complex graph structures. We describe concepts and operation of software. GraphScape can be used for ecological corridors planning, identification of key areas of corridors overlap, identification of the role of particular mobility factors, assessment of patch isolation.
Over recent years the sea has experienced re-interpretation as marine space, or more specifically as marine spatial planning (MSP) space. This article uses the concept of place as a contrasting interpretation to space, referring to place-making as a metaphor for the various ways in which meaning is created in the sea. As expressions of an intimate connection between experienced materiality and symbolism, places (unlike space) are never abstract, but always carry emotional dimensions. Place attachment can be the result of everyday profe ssional links, recreational activities, or living by the sea, and arises despite the greater intangibility of locations in the sea. As a result of their greater physical intangibility, places in the sea may require more frequent (re-)making than places on land, pointing to the inherent importance (and value in their own right) of the associated (socio-cultural) processes of place-making. The ability to engage in place-making is thus an important avenue for expressing place-based values, an understanding which could be used to enrich marine spatial planning processes. Focusing more on the intimate connections people have with places in the sea and how quality of place matters to them could turn MSP into an enabler of place-making, becoming more of a rich and continuous dialogue around the multiple ways in which people interact with and value the sea.
Over the last three decades, agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe has undergone very profound change. This first and foremost reflected the collapse of the communist system, as well as accession to the European Union in the case of most of the CEECs. The work detailed here has thus had as its cognitive goal the identification of trends regarding selected components of agriculture’s spatial structure which have included agrarian structure, agricultural land use, and the structure of agricultural production. Attention has also been paid to what conditioned the transformation, as well as the spatial differences that characterised it. With a view to these objectives being achieved, 11 current EU Member States in the region were analysed, above all by reference to source materials from EUROSTAT and the FAO.
Over the past decade, Industry 4.0 technologies have spread in space and time to varying extents, this being influenced by many factors. Evaluating some of these is the main aim of this study, as they have received little attention so far. Based on the experiences of empirical research (questionnaire survey) carried out in a peripherally located, traditional industrial area of Hungary and using statistical methods, the main significance of the study is that it highlights that sectoral affiliation, the internal organisation of companies and the geographical location of their sites, as well as their social and economic environment, all contribute to the intensity of technological change.
Over the past twenty years urban “networking” has become a rule of behaviour in the European Union. This article concerns the development of urban networks within the European urban geography. Urban networks have an important role in disseminating a development model for urban areas by bringing together a diverse range of cities around common problems in order to create common understandings of how to address these problems—the new ‘conventional wisdom’. These networks have also developed a range of different methods “to be active” in order to achieve different territorial outcomes. In that sense, which are the outcomes of those cities that have shown a strong “aptitude in urban networking”?
Over the past years, there has been a dramatic increase in congestion in suburban zones of the largest cities in Poland. One of the solutions to minimize this phenomenon is to increase the role of public transport in the context of movement from suburban zone to the core of agglomeration. Railway transport is environmentally friendly and is independent of congestion, therefore can play a particularly significant role in transport system. However, the issue concerns determining railway passenger volume, because it is necessary that railway transport becomes competitive comparing to private transport. There are many factors that influence travel behavior, which may be divided into two groups: internal and external. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the growing importance of external factors in literature, particularly transit oriented development. According to the author, in the suburban area of Poland, where the railway transport offer is comparable, it is important to examine what is the impact of external factors. The aim of the paper is to examine how the integration between housing development and railway station affects rail transit passenger volume in the rural areas of Wrocław suburban zone. The analysis is based on spatial statistics implementing GIS tools (mean center, distance to nearest hub, buffer). The research results confirmed correlation between degree of integration and passenger volume. This leads to a conclusion that spatial development of suburban zones must be coordinated with railway in order to ensure effectiveness of transport system.
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