Object structure
Title:

Differentiation of vertical limit of forest at the Babia Góra Mt., the Western Carpathian Mountains

Subtitle:

Geographia Polonica Vol. 91 No. 2 (2018)

Creator:

Łajczak, Adam : Autor ; Spyt, Barbara : Autor

Publisher:

IGiPZ PAN

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Date issued/created:

2018

Description:

24 cm

Type of object:

Journal/Article

Subject and Keywords:

timberline ; treeline ; mass-elevation effect ; homoclinal flysch ridge ; climatic asymmetry ; snow avalanches ; Babia Góra Mountain ; Western Carpathians

Abstract:

The work contains quantitative analysis of differentiation of altitudinal position and sinuosity of two lines determining the course of forest limit, i.e. timberline and treeline within Babia Góra Mt. (1725 m a.s.l.) homoclinal flysch ridge (the Western Carpathians). The course of the empiric timberline was delimited basing on aerial photographs with details from spatial data of Aerial Laser Scanning conducted in 2012. On the N slope, the course of timberline is exclusively conditioned by natural factors, whereas on the S slope this line was shifted downwards as a result of sheep and cattle grazing (however it has shown progression for the last 80 years). In the course of theoretical treeline conditioned by macrotopography and local climate, the mass-elevation effect is visible, and on the N slope, additionally, a sub-summit downward shift (the Diablak effect) occurs. The sequence of natural factors, according to their positive or negative influence on timberline and treeline courses was determined.

References:

1. Billings W.D., 1969. Vegetation pattern near alpine timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions. Vegetatio, vol. 19, no. 1-6, pp. 192-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00259010
2. Brockmann-Jerosch H., 1919. Baumgrenze und Klimacharakter. Beiträge zur geobotanischen Landesaufnahme, no. 6, Zürich: Rascher
3. Butler D.R., Walsh S.J., 1994. Site characteristics of debris flows and their relationship to Alpine Treeline. Physical Geography, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 181-199.
4. Bytnerowicz A., Godzik B., Grodzińska K., Frączek W., Musselman R., Manning W., Badea O., Popescu F., Fleischer P., 2004. Ambient ozone in forests of the Central and Eastern European mountains. Environmental Pollution, vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.10.019 ; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.10.032
5. Carlson B.Z., Renaud J., Biron P.E., Choler P., 2014. Long-term modelling of the forest-grassland ecotone in the French Alps: implications for land management and conservation. Ecological Applications, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1213-1225. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0910.1
6. Celiński F., Wojterski T., 1963. Świat roślinny Babiej Góry [in:] W. Szafer (ed.), Babiogórski Park Narodowy, no. 22, Kraków: Zakład Ochrony Przyrody PAN, pp. 109-173.
7. Celiński F., Wojterski T., 1983. Szata roślinna Babiej Góry [in:] K. Zarzycki (ed.), Park Narodowy na Babiej Górze: Przyroda i człowiek, Studia Naturae, ser. B, vol. 29, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, pp. 121-177.
8. Czajka B., Kaczka R.J., 2014. Stability of natural and modified timberline at Babia Góra Mt., Carpathians. TRACE: Tree Rings and Archaeology, Climatology and Ecology, vol. 12, pp. 46-53.
9. Czajka B., Kaczka R.J., 2014. Dendrochronologiczna charakterystyka górnej granicy lasu na Babiej Górze w strefie jej progresu. Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej, vol. 16, no. 40, pp. 42-52.
10. Czajka B., Łajczak A., Kaczka R.J., 2015. The dynamics of the timberline ecotone on the asymmetric ridge of the Babia Góra Massif, Western Carpathians. Geographia Polonica, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 85-102. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0017
11. Däniker A., 1923. Biologische Studien uber Baumund Waldgrenze, insbesondere uber die klimatisachen Ursachen und deren Zusammenhange. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich, 68, Zürich: Naturforschende Gesellschaft.
12. De Quervain A., 1904. Die hebung der atmosphärischen Isothermen in den Schweizer Alpen und ihre beziehung zu den Höhengrenzen. Leipzig: Engelmann.
13. FRIEDEL H., 1967. Verlauf der alpinen Waldgrenze in Rahmen anliegender Gebirgsgelände. Mitteilungen der forstlichen Bundes-Versuchsanstalt Mariabrunn, 75, pp. 81-172.
14. Han F., Yao Y., Dai S., Wang C., Sun R., Xu J., Zhang B., 2012. Mass elevation effects and its forcing on timberline altitude. Journal of Geographical Sciences, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 609-616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-012-0950-1
15. Henning I., 1974. Geoökologie der Hawaii-Inseln. Erdwissenschaftliche Forschung, vol. 9, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
16. Hess M., 1965. Piętra klimatyczne w Polskich Karpatach Zachodnich. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
17. Holeksa J., Szwagrzyk J., 2005. Szata roślinna [in:] D. Ptaszycka-Jackowska (ed.), Światy Babiej Góry, Zawoja: Wydawnictwo Babiogórskiego Parku Narodowego, pp. 41-93.
18. Holtmeier F.K., 1974. Geooekologische Beobachtungen und Studien an der subarktischen und alpinen waldgrenzen in vergleichender Sicht. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
19. Holtmeier F.K., 2009. Mountain timberlines: Ecology, patchiness, and dynamics. Advances in Global Change Research, 36, Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9705-8
20. Jodłowski M., 2007. Górna granica kosodrzewiny w Tatrach, na Babiej Górze i w Karkonoszach: struktura i dynamika ekotonu. Kraków: Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
21. JOSTOWA W., 1972. Pasterstwo na polskiej Orawie. Biblioteka Etnografii Polskiej, 26, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej PAN.
22. Knorn J., Kuemmerle T., Radeloff V.C., Szabo A., Mindrescu M., Keeton W.E., Abrudan I., Griffiths P., Gancz V., Hoster P., 2012. Forest restitution and protected area effectiveness in post-socialist Romania. Biological Conservation, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 204-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.12.020
23. Kolář T., Čermák P., Oulehle F., Trnka M., Štěpánek P., Cudlín P., Hruška J., Büntgen U., Rybníče M., 2015. Pollution control enhanced spruce growth in the "Black Triangle" near Czech-Polish border. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 538, pp. 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.105
24. Körner C., 1998. A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia, vol. 115, no. 4, pp. 445-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050540
25. Körner C., 2012. Alpine treelines: Functional ecology of the global high elevation tree limits. Basel: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0396-0
26. Körner C., Paulsen J., 2004. A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures. Journal of Biogeography, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 713-732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x
27. Książkiewicz M., 1983. Zarys geologii Babiej Góry [in:] K. Zabierowski (ed.), Park Narodowy na Babiej Górze: Przyroda i człowiek, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, pp. 25-39.
28. Kuemmerle T., Chaskovskyy O., Knorn J., Radeloff V.C., Kruhlov I., Keeton W., Hostert P., 2009. Forest cover change and illegal logging in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the transition period from 1988 to 2007. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 1194-1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.02.006
29. Kulakowski D., Barbeito I., Casteller A., Kaczka R.J., Bebi P., 2016. Not only temperature: Increasing drivers of treeline change in Europe. Geographia Polonica, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 7-15. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0042
30. Lauer W., Klause D., 1975. Geoecological investigations on the timberline of Pico de Orizaba, Mexico. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 315-330. https://doi.org/10.2307/1550176
31. Leonelli G., Masseroli A., Pelfini M., 2016. The influence of topographic variables on treeline trees under different environmental conditions. Physical Geography, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 56-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2016.1153377
32. Łajczak A., 2004. Pokrywa śnieżna Babiej Góry. [in:] B.W. Wołoszyn, A. Jaworski, J. Szwagrzyk (eds) Babiogórski Park Narodowy. Monografia przyrodnicza. Kraków, s. 179-196.
33. Łajczak A., Migoń P., 2007. The 2002 debris flow in the Babia Góra Massif – implications for the interpretation of mountainous geomorphic systems. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica, vol. 41, pp. 97-116.
34. Łajczak A., 2014. Relief development of the Babia Góra massif, Western Carpathians. Quaestiones Geographicae, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 89-106. https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2014-0006
35. Łajczak A., Czajka B., Kaczka R.J., 2014. The new features of landslide relief discovered using LiDAR. Case study from Babia Góra massif, Western Carpathian Mountains. Quaestiones Geographicae, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 73-84. https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2014-0031
36. Łajczak A., Czajka B., Kaczka R.J., 2015. The development of tourist infrastructure on Mt. Babia Góra (Western Carpathians) in conditions where there is a risk due to slope processes. Prace Geograficzne Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej UJ, vol. 142, pp. 7-40.
37. ŁAJCZAK A., 2016. Wody Babiej Góry. Monografie Babiogórskie, Maków Podhalański: Homago Studio Graficzne.
38. Łajczak A., 2016. Zarys historii działalności gospodarczej w masywie Babiej Góry i otaczającym terenie (Zachodnie Karpaty). Przegląd Geograficzny 88(1): 5-30. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2016.1.1
39. Łajczak A., Spyt B., 2016. Geomorphological characteristics of avalanche tracks on Babia Góra Mt., Western Carpathians. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica, vol. 50, pp. 65-88.
40. Mcclung D.M., Schaerer P., 2006. The avalanche handbook. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers Books.
41. Mock C.J., Birkenland W.K., 2000. Snow avalanche climatology of the Western United States Mountains Ranges. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 2367-2390. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2367:SACOTW>2.3.CO;2
42. Myczkowski S., 1972. Structure and ecology of the spruce association Piceetum tatricum at the upper limit of its distribution in the Tatra National Park. Kraków: Academy of Agriculture.
43. Niedźwiedź T., Orlicz M., Orliczowa J., 1985. Wiatr w Karpatach Polskich. Dokumentacja Geograficzna, no. 6, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk-Łódź: Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich.
44. Obrębska-Starkel B., 2004. Klimat masywu Babiej Góry [in:] B.W. Wołoszyn, A. Jaworski, J. Szwarzyk (eds.), Babiogórski Park Narodowy: Monografia przyrodnicza, Kraków: Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia Towarzystwa Słowaków w Polsce, pp. 137-151.
45. Parusel J.B., Kasprowicz M., Holeksa J., 2004. Zbiorowiska leśne i zaroślowe [in:] B.W. Wołoszyn, A. Jaworski, J. Szwarzyk (eds.), Babiogórski Park Narodowy: Monografia przyrodnicza, Kraków: Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia Towarzystwa Słowaków w Polsce, pp. 429-475.
46. Pauker S.J., Seastedt T.R., 1996. Effects of mobile tree islands on soil carbon storage in tundra ecosystem. Ecology, vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 2563-2568. https://doi.org/10.2307/2265755
47. Pawłowski B., 1972. Szata roślinna gór polskich [in:] W. Szafer, K. Zarzycki (ed.), Szata roślinna Polski. Wyd. 2, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, pp. 189-252.
48. Piermattei A., Renzaglia F., Urbinati C., 2012. Recent expansion of Pinus nigra Arn. above the timberline in the Central Apennines, Italy. Annals of Forest Science, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-012-0207-2
49. Piękoś H., 1968. Rozmieszczenie roślin regla dolnego i górnego na Sarniej Skale, Krokwi i Łysankach w Tatrach. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica, 14(3), pp. 317-393.
50. PIĘKOŚ-MIRKOWA H., 1986. Aktualne problemy ochrony zasobów genowych roślin naczyniowych w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym. Acta Universtatis Lodzensis. Folia sozologica, vol. 3, pp. 143-159.
51. Piękoś-Mirkowa H., Mirek Z., 1996. Zbiorowiska roślinne [in:] Z. Mirek (ed.), Przyroda Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego, Kraków-Zakopane: Wydawnictwo Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego, pp. 237-274.
52. Plesnik P., 1978. Man`s influence on the timberline in the West Carpathian Mountains, Czechoslovakia. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 495-504. https://doi.org/10.2307/1550783
53. Rączkowska Z., Rojan E., Długosz M., 2016. The morphodynamics of slopes within the snow avalanche starting zones in the Tatras. Geographia Polonica, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 17-29. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0043
54. SCHICKHOFF U., 2005. The upper timberline in the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakorum: A review of geographical and ecological aspects [in:] G. Broll, B. Keplin (eds.), Mountain Ecosystems: Studies in Treeline Ecology, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 275-354.
55. Shaoliang Y., Ning W., 2013. Impact of Agropastorialism on the timberline ecotone in the Hengduan Ranges of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau [in:] W. Ning, G.S. Rawat, S. Joshi, M. Ismail, E. Sharma (eds.), High-altitude rangelands and their interfaces in the Hindu Kush Himalayas, Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, pp. 124-136.
56. SOKOŁOWSKI M., 1928. O górnej granicy lasu w Tatrach. Zakłady Kórnickie, Zakład Badania Drzew i Lasu, no. 1, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Fundacji "Zakłady Kórnickie".
57. Tasser E., Tappeiner U., 2002. Impact of land use changes on mountain vegetation. Applied Vegetation Sciences, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2002.tb00547.x
58. Tranquillini W., 1979. Physiological ecology of the alpine timberline. Tree existence at high altitudes with special references to the European Alps. Ecological Studies, 31, Berlin: Springer.
59. Troll C., 1973. The upper timberline in different climatic zones. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 3-18.
60. Treml V., Migoń P., 2015. Controlling factors limiting timberline position and shifts in the Sudetes: A review. Geographia Polonica, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 55-70. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0015
61. TURNER H., 1961. Standortsuntersuchungen in dersubalpinen Stufe: Die Niederschlags- undSchneeverhältnisse. Mitteilungen der ForstlichenBundesversuchsanstalt Mariabrunn, 59,pp. 265-315.
62. Vermola M., Hyppönen M., Mäkitalo K., Mikkola K., Timonen M., 2004. Forest management and regeneration success in protection forests near the timberline in Finnish Lapland. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 424-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580410030154
63. Viehweider B., Lutz J., Oeggl K., 2015. Late-Holocene land use changes caused by exploitation in the mining region of Kitzbühel (Tirol, Austria). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 711-729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-015-0527-x
64. Voiculescu M., Ardelean F., Török-Oance M., Milian N., 2016. Topographical factors, meteorological variables and human factors in the control of the main snow avalanche events in the Făgăraş Massif (Southern Carpathians – Romanian Carpathians): Case study. Geographia Polonica, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 47-64. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0045
65. Vorčák J., Merganič J., Saniga M., 2006. Structural diversity change and regeneration processes of the Norway spruce natural forest in Babia Hora NNR in relation to altitude. Journal of Forestry Science, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 399-409. https://doi.org/10.17221/4520-JFS
66. Vorčák J., Merganič J., Merganičova K., 2006. Strukturalna diverzita smrekoveho prorodneho lesa v supramontannom stupni NPR Babia Hora. Beskydy 19: 143-148.
67. VORČÁK J., JANKOVIC J., 2009. Autovegetatívna obnova smreka na hornej hranici supramontánneho stup a v subalpínskom stupni Babiej Hory a Pilska v Oravských Beskydách. Lesnícky Časopis, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 29-46.
68. Walas J., 1933. Roślinność Babiej Góry. Warszawa: Państwowa Rada Ochrony Przyrody.
69. Walsh S., Butler D., Thomas A., Malanson G., 1994. Influence of snow patterns and snow avalanches on the alpine treeline ecotone. Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 657-672. https://doi.org/10.2307/3235881
70. Weisberg P.J., Shandra O., Becker M.E., 2013. Landscape influences on recent timberline shifts in the Carpathian Mountains: Abiotic influences modulate effects of land-use change. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 404-414. https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-45.3.404
71. Wojterski T., 1983. Babia Góra. Przyroda Polska. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna.
72. ZAPAŁOWICZ H., 1879. Roślinność Babiej Góry pod względem geograficzno-botanicznym. Sprawozdanie Komisji Fizjograficznej. Materiały do fizjografii Galicji, 14, pp. 79-250.
73. Zhao F., Zhang B., Pang Y., Yao Y., 2014. A study of the contribution of mass elevation effect to the altitudinal distribution of timberline in the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of Geographical Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 226-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-014-1084-4
74. Zientarski J., 1976. Wpływ wzniesienia nad poziomem morza na zagęszczenie i ukształtowanie górnoreglowych borów świerkowych w Babiogórskim Parku Narodowym. Prace Komisji Nauk Rolniczych i Leśnych, 42, Poznań: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, pp. 137-149.
75. Zientarski J., 1989. Górna granica lasu w Babiogórskim Parku Narodowym [in:] S. Korpel (ed.), Stav, vyvoj, produkčne schopnosti a funkce vyuzivanie lesov v oblasti Babiej hory a Pilska, Zvolen: Technická univerzita. Vysoká škola lesnícka a drevárska, pp. 122-148.

Relation:

Geographia Polonica

Volume:

91

Issue:

2

Start page:

217

End page:

241

Resource type:

Text

Detailed Resource Type:

Article

Format:

File size 2,9 MB ; application/pdf

Resource Identifier:

0016-7282 (print) ; 2300-7362 (online) ; 10.7163/GPol.0118

Source:

CBGiOS. IGiPZ PAN, call nos.: Cz.2085, Cz.2173, Cz.2406 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

eng

Rights:

Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license

Terms of use:

Copyright-protected material. [CC BY 4.0] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license, full text available at: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Original in:

Central Library of Geography and Environmental Protection. Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS

Projects co-financed by:

European Union. European Regional Development Fund ; Programme Innovative Economy, 2010-2014, Priority Axis 2. R&D infrastructure

Access:

Open

×

Citation

Citation style: