TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58262/PDF/WA51_78425_r2016-t89-no1_G-Polonica-From_Editors.pdf M3 - Text PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 5 KW - Geography A1 - Rączkowska, Zofia PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 89 CY - Warszawa SP - 5 UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58262 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/54618/PDF/WA51_74752_r2015-t88-no2_G-Polonica-Kaczka4.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 2 (2015) PY - 2015 IS - 2 EP - 196 KW - The Pyramid International Laboratory/Observatory KW - Himalaya A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 193 T1 - The Pyramid – The highest research station in the world UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/54618 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58259/PDF/WA51_78458_r2016-t89-no1_G-Polonica-Kaczka.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 89 No. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 115 KW - Geography A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. Rec. PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 89 CY - Warszawa SP - 113 T1 - PUDASAINI S.P. & HUTTER K., 2007, Avalanche dynamics: Dynamics of rapid flows of dense granular avalanches UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58259 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The pattern of timberline distribution on mountain ranges world-wide is related to global factors. The basic factor is temperature and the amount of radiation, which falls with increasing distance from the equator. Additionally, this basic relationship is overlaid by the specific features of the type of climate on the massif (degree of continentality or oceanity) and the mass-elevation effect. In the Carpathians, the mass elevation effectseems to have bigger impact on the location of timberline (R2 = 0.71, p = 0.00) than their latitudinal location (R2 = 0.56, p = 0.00). The timberline altitude changes by 70 m a.s.l. (±20 m) with each degree of latitude. The influenceof the type of the climate is complex and it is not clearly visible due to past and recent human impact. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/54607/PDF/WA51_74673_r2015-t88-no2_G-Polonica-Czajka2.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 2 (2015) PY - 2015 IS - 2 EP - 54 KW - timberline KW - global factors KW - latitude influence KW - mass-elevation effect KW - Carpathians A1 - Czajka, Barbara A1 - Łajczak, Adam A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 35 T1 - Geographical characteristics of the timberline in the Carpathians UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/54607 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The growth/climate response of Norway spruce in the timberline ecotone of Babia Góra Mountain was examined. Based on a pool of 708 trees from 10 sites, the influence of age, exposure, and method of computingchronology, was assessed. Gridded data and 12 instrumental series were used to study the spatiotemporal relationship of the tree growth and climate. Temperature mainly controls the growth of the Norway spruce in thetimberline ecotone at Babia Góra Mountain. The most important factors were the June and July temperatures (r = 0.57) and of the entire growing season April-September (r = 0.52). The precipitation of late winter (Marchand correspondingly the January-March season) had a positive influence on the tree growth. The previously reported negative correlation with the summer precipitation was found but it was less important. The maturetrees growing on the northern slope showed a response to the summer temperature in a stronger manner than all the other groups. The low-frequency SPL chronologies (detrended using the cubic smoothing splinesmethod) performed better than the RCS (regional curve standardisation) of the high-frequency SPL. A strong correlation was found with Obidowa, the nearest located instrumental data (a distance of 35 km), and theHala Gąsienicowa, the station located at a similar elevation a.s.l. (1508 m a.s.l.), but also with the Krakow located farther away and at a lower elevation (237 m a.s.l.). The TRW/temperature correlation was temporallymost stable in the case of Zakopane. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/54616/PDF/WA51_74745_r2015-t88-no2_G-Polonica-Kaczka2.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 2 (2015) PY - 2015 IS - 2 EP - 176 KW - Babia Góra Mountain KW - Carpathians KW - climate KW - dendrochronology KW - Norway spruce KW - tree-rings A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. A1 - Czajka, Barbara A1 - Łajczak, Adam PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 163 T1 - The tree-ring growth responses to climate in the timberline ecotone of Babia Góra Mountain UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/54616 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Avalanches are one of the most important abiotic factors influencing the timberline on a worldwide scale. In the case of Babia Góra, avalanches are found to affect more than ¹⁄³ of the length of the timberline, locally lowering it by as much as 350 m in distance. The timberline under the influence of avalanche processes is associatedwith steep slopes (>30°), with 90% of this being located on the massif’s northern slope. In the long run (1964-2009), around the whole massif the timberline shows a high degree of stability along 79% of itslength. It proved possible to reconstruct avalanche events along the largest avalanche path in the examined massif, the Szeroki Żleb gully. Nine such events are seen to have occurred over the past 120 years, with sevenof these characterising the last 50 years. The avalanche(s) occurring in winter 1975/1976 had the greatest impact on the timberline in the Szeroki Żleb gully over the examined period. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/54615/PDF/WA51_74743_r2015-t88-no2_G-Polonica-Czajka4.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 2 (2015) PY - 2015 IS - 2 EP - 161 KW - timberline KW - snow avalanches KW - Babia Góra Mountain KW - Norway spruce KW - image interpretation KW - dendrogeomorphology A1 - Czajka, Barbara A1 - Łajczak, Adam A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 147 T1 - The influence of snow avalanches on the timberline in the Babia Góra Massif, Western Carpathians UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/54615 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Timberline ecotone (TE) generally developed because the temperatures in the environment were too low. There are other overlapping biotic and abiotic factors which affect the TE. The main aim of this work was to determinehow the asymmetry of Babia Góra’s ridge influences the location and characteristics of the timberline ecotone nowadays, and how the ridge influenced the timberline ecotone in the mid-20th century. The asymmetryof environmental conditions means the timberline has formed in two extreme environments: on the sunny and gentle southern slope (40% of the timberline length) and on the cold, humid, steep northern slope (another40% of the timberline length). The southern slope of the ridge shows a progressive timberline length of 86%. In turn, 81% of the timberline on the northern slope is in a stable ecotone. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/54610/PDF/WA51_74685_r2015-t88-no2_G-Polonica-Czajka3.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 2 (2015) PY - 2015 IS - 2 EP - 102 KW - Babia Góra Mountain KW - geomorphometry KW - ridge asymmetry KW - timberline shift A1 - Czajka, Barbara A1 - Łajczak, Adam A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 85 T1 - The dynamics of the timberline ecotone on the asymmetric ridge of the Babia Góra Massif, Western Carpathians UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/54610 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - In nature, division lines are delineated where multiple important environmental features change. These division lines may be singled out at the intersection of two geosystems (Balon 2000) where the functional uniformityof the geosystems located on both sides are preserved (Forman & Gordon 1986; Cadenasso et al. 2003). A significant environmental boundary is the upper forest boundary (timberline), which separates differentvegetation zones: (1) forest from non -forest (Piękoś -Mirkowa & Mirek 1996); climatic zones (2) cool from very cool (Hess 1965); geoecological zones (3) periglacial from temperate forest system (Kotarba 1996). A timberlineis a sensitive ecosystem therefore is a good indicator of changes occurring in the environment. There are, however, multiple elements which affect the timberline. This ecotone has also been widely analysed in local,regional, and even monographic studies of numerous massifs. It is necessary to present and organise the great amount of information in order to aid research on the timberline in the Carpathians. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/54606/PDF/WA51_74612_r2015-t88-no2_G-Polonica-Czajka1.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 2 (2015) PY - 2015 IS - 2 EP - 34 KW - boundaries in the mountain environment KW - timberline KW - Carpathians A1 - Czajka, Barbara A1 - Łajczak, Adam A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. A1 - Nicia, Paweł PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 7 T1 - Timberline in the Carpathians: An overview UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/54606 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58258/PDF/WA51_78456_r2016-t89-no1_G-Polonica-Spyt.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 89 No. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 111 KW - snow avalanche KW - timberline KW - morphometry KW - remote sensing KW - Tatra Mountains A1 - Spyt, Barbara A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. A1 - Lempa, Michał A1 - Rączkowska, Zofia PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 89 CY - Warszawa SP - 91 T1 - Application of the timberline morphometric analysis for detecting snow avalanche paths: A case study of the Tatra Mountains UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58258 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The snow avalanche is one of the major processes that shapes the landscape of high mountains. A significant manifestation of its activity is changing the course of the timberline, whose course and growth disturbances constitute a good source of information about the history of avalanche activity. The aim of this study was to: i) detail the temporal and spatial reconstruction of snow avalanche events within the three surveyed couloirs in the Rybi Potok Valley, in the High Tatras, ii) analyse of the relationship between the relief of the runout zone and the course of the avalanches. Dendrogeomorphological, geomorphological and cartographic methods were employed here. Detailed geomorphological maps comprising the runout zone were prepared and use to divide the runout zone into subzones of similar relief. The dendrogeomorphological reconstructions of avalanche events were carried out on two scales, i.e. for the entire runout zone and for the determined subzones. The courses of major avalanche events in the studied couloirs over the past 100 years were reconstructed. A detailed dendrogeomorphological analysis in the subzones allowed the identification of additional local avalanche events whose extent had not covered the entire avalanche path. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58254/PDF/WA51_78440_r2016-t89-no1_G-Polonica-Lempa.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 89 No. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 45 KW - snow avalanche KW - relief KW - dendrogeomorphology KW - tree-rings KW - Tatra Mountains A1 - Lempa, Michał A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. A1 - Rączkowska, Zofia A1 - Janecka, Karolina PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 89 CY - Warszawa SP - 31 T1 - Combining tree-ring dating and geomorphological analyses in the reconstruction of spatial patterns of the runout zone of snow avalanches, Rybi Potok Valley, Tatra Mountains (Poland) UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58254 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - A comparison was done of the timberline course from the mid-20th and beginning of 21st century, in Mengusovská Valley (Slovakia) and Rybi Potok Valley (Poland). These are two valleys in the High Tatra Mts. Aerial photosand satellite images were used to assess the changes of the timberline in the two valleys. The course of the timberline ecotone in both valleys is similar. In both valleys, the stable timberline section is almost half of the totaltimberline length. In both valleys there has been an increase in the elevation of the timberline (on average by 10 m in the Mengusovská Valley and 15 m in the Rybi Potok Valley), and free spaces have been increasinglyclosing up. The progressive changes of the timberline are mainly due to the limit placed on human economic activity, and to climate warming. Inactive avalanche paths have led to an enlargement of the forest area in bothvalleys. The reduction of avalanche activity is the direct result of climate warming in the Tatra Mts. and from the decrease in the amount of snow in winters. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/54609/PDF/WA51_74680_r2015-t88-no2_G-Polonica-Kaczka1.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 2 (2015) PY - 2015 IS - 2 EP - 83 KW - snow avalanches KW - Carpathians KW - Tatra Mountains KW - photointerpretation KW - reafforestation KW - timberline ecotone A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. A1 - Lempa, Michał A1 - Czajka, Barbara A1 - Janecka, Karolina A1 - Rączkowska, Zofia A1 - Hreško, Juraj A1 - Bugar, Gabriel PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 71 T1 - The recent timberline changes in the Tatra Mountains: A case study of the Mengusovská Valley (Slovakia) and the Rybi Potok Valley (Poland) UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/54609 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The character and main natural and anthropogenic factors driving the timberline on the Babia Góra Mt. was discussed. The model of Holtmeier (2009) was modified to describe the functioning of the local timberline.Originating in a geological structure, the asymmetric shape of the ridge of the Babia Góra Mt. created consequences for most of the components of the environment of the timberline. This main stationary factor influenceall the others including the differences of local climate, soil development and human activity. The long history of direct impact of land use, grazing and logging and recent indirect influences (air pollution and climatewarming) control the present character of the timberline. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/54617/PDF/WA51_74750_r2015-t88-no2_G-Polonica-Kaczka3.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 88 No. 2 (2015) PY - 2015 IS - 2 EP - 191 KW - timberline KW - Carpathians KW - Babia Góra Mountain KW - spatial and temporal dynamics of timberline KW - grazing A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. A1 - Czajka, Barbara A1 - Łajczak, Adam A1 - Szwagrzyk, Jerzy A1 - Nicia, Paweł PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 177 T1 - The timberline as result of the interactions among forest, abiotic environment and human activity in the Babia Góra Mt., Western Carpathians UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/54617 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Treelines have long been recognized as important ecotones and likely harbingers of climate change. However, over the last century many treelines have been affected not only by global warming, but also by the interactions of climate, forest disturbance and the consequences of abrupt demographic and economic changes. Recent research has increasingly stressed how multiple ecological, biophysical, and human factors interact to shape ecological dynamics. Here we highlight the need to consider interactions among multiple drivers to more completely understand and predict treeline dynamics in Europe. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58263/PDF/WA51_78426_r2016-t89-no1_G-Polonica-Kulakowski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 89 No. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 15 KW - Picea KW - Larix KW - disturbance interactions KW - subalpine forests KW - climate KW - climate change KW - topography KW - pollution KW - snow avalanche A1 - Kulakowski, Dominik A1 - Barbeito, Ignacio A1 - Casteller, Alejandro A1 - Kaczka, Ryszard J. A1 - Bebi, Peter PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 89 CY - Warszawa SP - 7 T1 - Not only temperature: Interacting drivers of treeline change in Europe UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58263 ER -