TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/182725/PDF/WA51_214090_r2021-t93-z1_Przeg-Geogr-Spis.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny PY - 2021 IS - 1 IS - 1 EP - 3 KW - Geography PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 3 T1 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 1 (2021), Spis treści UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/182725 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - This article summarises a review of geographical studies on migration published in Poland after 1989, as also included in the Report of the Polish Academy of Sciences’ Migration Research Committee (Komitet Badań nad Migracjami) (Horolets et al., 2018). The work identifies around 750 bibliographical items from the years 1990‑2017, which it proves possible to assign to the categories of: the theory and methodology of geographical research into migration (including modelling and forecasting), internal migrations, external migrations (emigration and immigration), studies concerning foreign territories, research into migration historically (pre-WW2), and work concerning migration’s influence and impact on regional and local development. As is clear, no attention has been paid to issues of daily mobility (commutes to work or school), tourism (be that recreational, or related to business or pilgrimage), or to longer-term matters relating to ethnicity or multiculturalism. The review has also been supplemented to inclde work from the latest (2016‑2020) period. The studies that have been run prove to be of an empirical nature first and foremost, associated with the statistical and cartographic identification and description of observed phenomena and processes. This identification is most often based on secondary data from Statistics Poland – which deals with the ongoing processing of new registrations in the country, as well as deregistration. It seems that these data have been accepted more or less uncritically by most geographers, at least until recently. As the strands of research represented least abundantly are modelling, as well contributions to theory, this needs to be seen as marked regression in comparison with the situation in the 1970s – marking the zenith of Polish geographical work on migrations (or indeed more broadly on the processes of population and settlement). Set against the background of other disciplines, this denotes further a very large number of studies identified as geographical but not equating automatically to progress of a conceptual or theoretical nature. In contrast, a plus-point where the comparison is with typically statistical or demographic research, or partly even that of a sociological and economic nature, is a very good level of” feeling for/sensitivity to the space” (and hence familiarity with local factors), that allows us to avoid over-averaging or generalization in the direction of aggregate territories known to be too heterogeneous (not least the voivodeships into which Poland has long been divided at provincial – latterly provincial/regional – level). Avoided in this way is resort to over-generalised cognitive impacts in essence straying beyond the boundaries of geography into other disciplines. The main and most-original achievements of post-1989 geographical research can be seen to include:•multi-regional modelling of the dynamics to population change that takes account of the complexity of migration processes; •a particularly exhaustive and comprehensive reconnaissance and treatment of the migration-related specifics of the Opole-Silesia region;•work on the role played by migration (and mobility more broadly) in the development of suburban zones and metropolitan areas;•in-depth research into the linkage between migration and local or regional socioeconomic development;•a contribution to the classification, typology, delimitation and indication of migration, as well as the deployment of indicators in procedures of this type, in a context that is broader where scientific disciplines are concerned;•the empirical indication of population over- or under-estimates in different configurations of space as a reflection of unregistered migrations;•contributions to urbanisation theory including as regards the relations pertaining between migrations and the settlement system. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/233734/WA51_269948_r2021-t93-z4_Prace-Geogr-Sleszyns.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 4 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 4 EP - 632 KW - migration geography KW - international migrations KW - internal migrations KW - migration methodology KW - migration researchers KW - centres of migration research A1 - Śleszyński, Przemysław. Autor A1 - Heffner, Krystian. Autor A1 - Solga, Brygida. Autor A1 - Wiśniewski, Rafał. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 605 T1 - Geograficzne badania migracji w Polsce po 1989 r. = Geographical research on migration in Poland after 1989 UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/233734 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The analysis in this paper revolves around sites associated with conflict, memory and memorialisation, as it seeks to evaluate ruined cityscapes, and hence non-functional buildings or parts thereof that almost by definition ought to be unwelcome in most cities, given the premium put there on production and traffic density and efficiency. But ruins do serve functions in a city, giving material shape to urban memories, thus conveying a social and political message, sometimes with great impact. This paper resorts to the adjective “traumatic” as it refers to ruins arising out of catastrophic events such as bombings, and thus differing markedly from counterparts developing as a slow process of degradation continues. The latter ruins are valued for their age, the former for their historicity. In most cases, pain experienced has combined with a will to rebuild to prompt stakeholders to cancel or liquidate traces of the disaster occurring, with preservation of ruins mostly only taking place where local authorities take conscious, and often much-disputed decisions (Sauvageot, 1995). Such difficult decisions have at times been explained in terms of the political benefit accruing where continued staging in regard to catastrophes is possible, but also in relation to a will to see ruins preserved as a kind of preventative tool.” Traumatic ruins” may indeed represent real urban scars reminding a local population steadily and/ or repeatedly of disaster. On the other hand, memorabilia of this kind are sometimes presented as if they were “medals of merit on a community’s chest” (Sauvageot, 1995), and they can also be considered a necessary step in the direction of risk consciousness and the constituting of a risk culture. In other words, the preservation of the traumatic mark a disaster or catastrophe has left can be a tool giving effect to urban resilience, since an urban system integrates the trauma involved, rather than cancelling it, with the open purpose of risk being mitigated (Jackson, 2005). This specific process can be called a proactive form of resilience (Vale and Campanella, 2005). However, such an instrument of risk management entails major urban-planning issues. Should ruins be preserved as traces of history and as tools by which remembrance and risk prevention can be achieved, or should the trauma experienced be erased, with urban functionality also restored? And if a massive ruined element is to be retained in urban space, how is that to be integrated? Ultimately, many municipalities in a whole host of countries have decided to preserve the ruins left after tragic events have ensued. This has entailed the setting of specific standards as regards restoration and management, with various aesthetic and technical choices made, and criteria as regards access and presentation applied. In any case, it is argued that the preservation of ruins may come down to the political exploitation of a disaster, with all that that may denote. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/233733/WA51_269921_r2021-t93-z4_Prace-Geogr-LeBlanc.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 4 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 4 EP - 603 KW - risks KW - catastrophe KW - ruins KW - preservation KW - resilience A1 - Le Blanc, Antoine. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 587 T1 - Budowanie odporności: zachowywanie „ruin traumatycznych” w miastach = Developing resilience: the preservation of cities’ “traumatic ruins” UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/233733 ER - TY - GEN PB - IGiPZ PAN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/233731/WA51_269341_r2021-t93-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Spis.pdf M3 - Text VL - 93 CY - Warszawa J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 4 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 4 KW - Geography T1 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 4 (2021), Spis treści UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/233731 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/197291/PDF/WA51_232863_r2021-t93-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Palmowsk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 2 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 2 EP - 290 KW - port infrastructure KW - investment KW - modernization KW - Port of Gdynia KW - Port of Gdańsk KW - transshipment infrastructure A1 - Palmowski, Tadeusz. Autor A1 - Wendt, Jan A. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 269 T1 - Wpływ inwestycji i modernizacji portów morskich w Gdańsku i Gdyni na zmiany struktury przeładunków portowych = The impact of new developments and modernisation at the Polish ports of Gdańsk and Gdynia on changes in port transshipments UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/197291 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The aim of the article is to present selected research directions and results of studies on the market for passenger cars (with an emphasis on its geographical dimension). The focus has been on four main groups of issues: (1) car ownership and car-demand modelling, (2) the relationship between the primary and secondary car market in emergingeconomies, (3) the role of spatial factors and public transport in the functioning of the car market and (4) the environmental impact of automotive expansion and ways of coping with that, such as electromobility and the sharing economy. Studies on car ownership and the demand for cars both confirm that volumes and rates of growth depend primarily on economic factors (GDP, personal incomes, car prices and prices of complementary goods). They also describe spatial and temporal differences in the so-called first automobile revolution (the spread of cars as a mode of transport). The next group of studies on the car market deals with the relationship between the primary and secondary markets in emerging economies (including Poland), in which car ownership has entered on to a path of rapid growth in recent years. The development of the market for passenger cars is also influenced significantly by such spatial factors as urbanisation, population density, the built environment and distance to city centres as well as the accessibility and operation of public transport. These issues, very important from a geographical point of view, are discussed in a subsequent part of the article, prior to current findings on the environmental impact of automobiles being described, in particular as regards the role of various fuels (especially gasoline-petrol and diesel) in generating emissions of harmful substances. The paper then ends with a brief discussion on electric and hybrid cars as well as the sharing economy. In the literature, the above-mentioned topics are found to be related to the so-called second automobile revolution, and are thus of key importance to the debate on the contemporary car market and changes therein. This interdisciplinary debate is seen to be worthy of an involvement on the part of geographers that is broader than hitherto. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/197289/PDF/WA51_232862_r2021-t93-z1_Przeg-Geogr-Stryjaki.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 2 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 2 EP - 268 KW - motorization KW - automobiles KW - transport KW - car market KW - car ownership A1 - Stryjakiewicz, Tadeusz. Autor A1 - Kołsut, Bartłomiej. Autor A1 - Doszczeczko, Bartosz. Autor A1 - Dyba, Wojciech. Autor A1 - Kisiała, Wojciech. Autor A1 - Kudłak, Robert. Autor A1 - Wojtyra, Bartosz. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 249 T1 - Przegląd ekonomiczno-przestrzennych badań rynku samochodów osobowych = A review of economic and spatial research on the market for passenger cars UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/197289 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Transport is an integral part of tourism and the latter would not function without the development of the former. The issue of transport accessibility is of particular importance, when it comes to both reaching an area and the possibilities for moving around within it. A lack of convenient transport possibilities diminishes the tourist potential of a given area. Public transport is essential in naturally-valuable areas. Because of the massive development of tourism and its negative effects on the environment, sustainable development principles assume importance and questions arise regarding the limits of tourism’s development. The aim of this paper was to answer a specific question of relevance to the above, i.e. does the regression of public transport in the naturally-valuable areas that are Poland’s Low Beskid (Beskid Niski) and Bieszczady Mountains lead to unsustainable development? The authors carried out a questionnaire survey and analysed changes in the public-transport network between 2019 and 1990. Questionnaires were addressed to tourists visiting these mountains and included questions on accessibility to these mountain regions in the first place, as well as the possibilities for moving around within them. A database of public-transport timetables (valid as of the beginning of 2019) was created to analyse connections on an average working day, as well as during the weekends or holidays that are of special importance from the point of view of tourists. The survey results suggest that we may be dealing with the phenomenon of forced motorisation in tourism. In the case of the Low Beskids, and especially the Bieszczady Mountains, we can talk about a certain impoverishment of the offer regarding transport, with this ensuring – even during the holiday season – that tourists are forced to use private cars both on their way into the mountains and while travelling around within them. The interest tourists show in the Low Beskids, and especially the Bieszczady Mountains, has increased very markedly over the last 30 years. Unfortunately, the development of the offer as regards public transport has not merely failed to match that, but has followed an opposing trend. Scheduled bus and minibus services have stopped reaching many mountain villages. While these still reached many destinations as of 2019, they did so less often, or were confined to school days, hence implying a basic unsuitability for use in tourism. The role of rail transport in the studied area is marginal. Overall, the results obtained mediate against any possibility of truly sustainable development of transport in the area under study. Nevertheless, with a view to such a model for sustainable transport in the area studied being provided, the authors have sought to make certain recommendations. A favourable situation as regards this tourist region’s accessibility by public transport from places of residence is of course a precondition for any decision-making choice when it comes to selecting modes of travel that potential or actual tourists are in a position to make. Furthermore, direct connections will be important conditioners of desirable decisions, as will be timetables better tailored to the particular needs of tourists. As regards the making of transfers, greater frequency of connections and shorter travel times are further favourable aspects. On the other hand, it is important that the impact of individual motorisation around tourist destinations (or whole regions) should be limited, with this achievable where overall priority is assigned to scheduled public transport (as inevitably enjoying partial support from regional authorities). L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/197287/PDF/WA51_232729_r2021-t93-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Ciechans.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 2 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 2 EP - 231 KW - public transport KW - sustainable turism KW - sustainable development KW - transport exclusion KW - forced motorization KW - Poland KW - Low Beskid KW - Bieszczady Mountains A1 - Ciechański, Ariel. Autor A1 - Więckowski, Marek (1971– ). Autor A1 - Michniak, Daniel. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 207 T1 - Czy regres publicznego transportu zbiorowego na obszarach górskich prowadzi do rozwoju niezrównoważonego? Przykład z Beskidu Niskiego i Bieszczad = Does regression in public transport in naturally-valuable areas lead to unsustainable development? A case study involving Poland’s Low Beskids and Bieszczady Mountains UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/197287 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Spatial accessibility by public transport is an important component of quality of life and an important factor undermining the development of rural areas. It is also a key element of a sustainable mobility system. The capitals of the powiat (county-level tier of administration in Poland) represent the level of the country’s urban hierarchy at which most-important public services are provided. Yet previously only rather few accessibility studies had been carried out, to consider how accessible the rural localities (villages) in the countries different province-regions might be. To fill that gap, the research presented in this paper sought to assess the 2019 level of accessibility via public transport to their own county cities (powiat capitals) that characterized no fewer than 14,271 rural localities in 6 of Poland’s 16 province-regions (i.e. Łódzkie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Małopolskie, Pomorskie, Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Zachodniopomorskie). The work also investigated factors shaping this accessibility, with a contribution thereby made to the ongoing debate as to the suitability of the current administrative division of Poland at county (powiat) level. The main findings and principal patterns as regards spatial accessibility could be summarised as follows: a. 1181 (8% of the studied) rural localities, with 215,000 inhabitants overall (or 4% of the rural population) had effectively no access to public transport at all; given that the nearest bus stop/railway station was beyond the acceptable distance of 4 km. b. Province-regions were found to differ markedly in terms of the measured accessibility, with Małopolskie province-region faring much better overall than the others (Figs. 1‑2, 10). c. Nevertheless, internal differentiation in levels of accessibility was greater within province-regions than between them. The best-observed accessibility characterised the environs of larger cities, and especially the Metropolitan Areas of Kraków (Małopolskie), Łódź (Łódzkie) and Gdańsk (Pomorskie), as well as the main transport corridors. Only poor accessibility characterised peripheral areas of most of the counties, while the worst accessibility of all applied in places where powiat-level peripheries were simultaneously peripheries of entire province-regions. d. An important factor determining accessibility was the type and size of rural locality. The larger the village, the better the accessibility (Fig. 19). This also linked up with the way in which size anyway correlated positively with distance to county city. This is to say that villages close to county cities had populations 30‑40% larger than those located on peripheries. e. Size of a county city also correlated positively with that city’s accessibility (Fig. 18). That was especially true of cities with 20,000 or fewer inhabitants. These have less-developed public transport and, as a consequence, far lower accessibility in their environs. Taken together, these patterns sustain a conclusion that the deregulation of public transport in Poland, which took place in the 1990s and ushered in a competitive market model, has had a serious impact on accessibility, ensuring further polarisation and growth in disparities. While better-developed areas (those in which population density is higher and villages larger) continue to furnish enough demand for commercially-viable public transport to be sustained, most of the peripheral, low-population areas are now at risk of transport-related exclusion. In most cases, there is poor public transport in such areas solely because some lines connecting cities or leading to certain tourist destinations remain in place and cross peripheries. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/197286/PDF/WA51_232713_r2021-t93-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Guzik.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 2 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 2 EP - 206 KW - accessibility KW - public transport KW - rural areas KW - transport exclusion A1 - Guzik, Robert. Autor A1 - Kołoś, Arkadiusz (1970– ). Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 181 T1 - Dostępność obszarów wiejskich do miast powiatowych w Polsce transportem publicznym w 2019 r = The 2019 level of accessibility of Poland’s county cities by public transport from rural areas UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/197286 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Until very recently at least, modern society has been characterised by its increased mobility in both the short and long terms. Furthermore, this has been true of both domestic and international trips. The latter kind of mobility is addressed in the present article, which aims to cover relevant changes as they affected Polish people through the 2007‑2017 period. Against that background, particular attention has been paid to modal split in border traffic, with the changes involved presented in relation to supply with infrastructure and transport services. The article uses author’s own data, from research taking in a representative group of 1000 Polish adults (with the sample adjusted appropriately in relation to gender, and membership of the 18‑29, 30‑44, 45‑59 and 60 and over age groups, as well as place of residence: be that village, town of up to 50,000 inhabitants, city of 50‑200,000 inhabitants, city of more than 200,000 inhabitants, and Warsaw). The analysis did not encompass border areas, given the specific nature of the traffic there (and in this way it was possible to eliminate a large part of the daily movement taking place internationally (for the purposes of work, shopping, etc.), but in truth now representing short-term mobility within a region resided in (or else daily mobility using the classification after Kaufmann, 2005). At the same time, by imposing no distance limitations except those relating to border areas, the study retained a capacity to approximate the international part of genuine short-term mobility beyond the region inhabited. Nevertheless, most of the flows under analysis can be regarded as corresponding with the long-distance travel documented in the subject literature. However, the limit value for this kind of journey is set variously, e.g. at 50 miles one-way (Dargay and Clark, 2012), 100 km (Nordenholz et al., 2017), or 100 miles (Mokhtarian et. al., 2001). The configuration of near-border units in Poland is such that the research detailed also takes in slightly shorter transfers, given a limit values of around 30‑50 km in one direction. The aforementioned consideration of changes affecting Poles’ international mobility took in: frequency of travel, target destination (direction), place of crossing of the state border (section of border crossed), modes of transport, motivation, and duration. The work took account of a few basic categories of motivations for travel, i.e. on business (in relation to both hired labour and work on a person’s own account), for the purposes of education, tourism and holiday-related, visits to family and friends (thus treated as a motivation distinct from tourism) and shopping-related (usually in connection with small-scale border trade based around single-day visits). The work was carried out in 2018, but in relation to the years 2007 and 2017. 2007 is a targeted choice, with this being the last year before Poland’s Schengen Zone accession, hence a likely influence on both the dimensions and structure characterising international mobility. Research was done using the CATI method. The subjects of analysis were numbers of instances of international travel engaged in (as opposed to the numbers of people participating in transboundary flows). The work revealed an increase in the foreign mobility of Poles. The main motivator here was tourist travel and visits, as followed by goals associated with professional work and the visiting of family and friends. The modes of transport utilised most frequently were the aeroplane or private car, albeit with the former the subject of a major increase in share, even as the latter declined slightly in proportionate terms. There was a considerable reduction in the amount of travel achieved by coach (bus). At the time of study, Poles’ main destination countries for trips taken (under all motivations combined) were Germany, Czechia and Spain. Travel by Poles to eastern neighbour countries accounts for a very small share of all movement. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/197285/PDF/WA51_232711_r2021-t93-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Wisniew2.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 2 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 2 EP - 180 KW - mobility KW - international travel KW - modal split KW - models of transport KW - travel motivations A1 - Wiśniewski, Rafał (1977– ). Autor A1 - Komornicki, Tomasz. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 161 T1 - Przemiany międzynarodowej mobilności Polaków = Changes in Poles’ level of international mobility UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/197285 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Spatial mobility of the population is a key factor allowing for the delimitation of functional areas and the identification of ranges of impact of given spatial units. The work detailed here has built on this idea by seeking to identify areas of strong functional linkage in the cities in Poland that have been granted the status of powiat (i.e. unit at the “county” level of administration). In this context, the paper also offers a critical analysis of other, best-known approaches to the delimitation of towns and cities in Poland. The identification of areas characterised by strong functional linkage is achieved by reference to generally-available data, i.e. statistics relating to commutes to work, as well as internal migration leading to permanent residency status. Overall, areas of srong functional linkage are here delimited by reference to: (1) areas of emigration or immigration relating to thecities granted county status, where these are the source and/or destination when it comes to internal migration leading to permanent residency; (2) areas of departure and arrival where commutes to and from the aforesaid cities granted county status are concerned, with account taken of additional relations relating to volumes of flows in a ‘city–rural area’ configuration. Our analysis was performed at NUTS-5 level, hence the exclusion of cities not enjoying county status. It is against the background of existing literature reports on means of identifying areas of functional linkage for Polish cities that the work detailed here may establish a basis for discussing alternative approaches. Here the authors offer their own method of identifying areas of strong functional linkage, from the point of view of people’s spatial mobility. This approach takes account of specifically Polish aspects of the phenomenon’s development. Indeed, analyses confirm that the approach proposed is very much linked to the functional urban areas of regional centres. However, complete objectivisation (i.e. a lack of subjectivity or even arbitrary decisions) represents a significant attribute of the approach in question, with this being desirable when it comes to research being replicated. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/197284/PDF/WA51_232054_r2021-t93-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Ilnicki.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 2 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 2 EP - 160 KW - mobility KW - migration KW - delimination KW - Poland A1 - Ilnicki, Dariusz. Autor A1 - Janc, Krzysztof. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 141 T1 - Obszary intensywnych powiązań funkcjonalnych miast na prawach powiatu w Polsce – autorska metoda delimitacji = Areas of strong functional linkage of Polish cities granted county status – the authors’ own method of delimitation UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/197284 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/197281/PDF/WA51_232034_r2021-t93-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Spis.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 2 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 2 EP - 130 KW - Geography PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 129 T1 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 2 (2021), Spis treści UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/197281 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Key issues for spatial planning and development, nature protection and forestry in Poland relate to the problems encountered in determining the area of forests included within – and the boundaries of – what are known as the Large Forest Areas (LFAs) in Poland. Even as overall forest cover in the country has increased steadily – by about 2.5 million ha overall – since 1945, the data available for the LFAs relate to measurements made as long ago as in the 1960s and 1970s. Even then, it is often unclear whether it is total areas or areas of forest that are being referred to in relation to the LFAs. There is thus an urgent need for meas-urements to be updated, with a view to the present-day boundaries of the Areas being delim-ited. Some 80‑100 LFAs are in fact distinguished in Poland, in line with definitions relating to total area exceeding 10,000 ha (100 km2) and forest cover exceeding 35%. While many of the LFAs received Proper-Noun names at one point or another in their histories, as used locally in a given region, and in guides and publications, there are also less culturall-defined areas that still await naming. Efforts to determine the boundaries of the LFAs at this point allow, not only for renewed or de novo determination of their overall areas and areas of forest, but also for an advancement of our knowledge regarding any items of cultural heritage that may be present within LFAs. Such data will be useful or essential as new physiographic, economic and tourist guide-studies are developed; and they will encourage and facilitate the more-detailed analysis and assess-ment of forest management taking place within the limits of the LFAs. In line with the effort made to achieve the above goals, this article details selected problems encountered with the delimitation of forest boundaries and areas, as these are exemplified by the Polish LFAs of the Białowieża, Bolimów, Borki, Knyszyn, Kampinos, Noteć, Romincka, Tuchola, Łuków and Chojnów Forests. Figures for overall area and area of forest were indeed obtained and are presented here for the selected examples of LFAs, which are also augmented by the so-called Dobrzejewice and Lubniewice Forests not distinguished in this way before now. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231981/PDF/WA51_268803_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Zielony.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 483 KW - Large Forest Area (LFA) KW - primeval forests KW - forests KW - woods KW - boundaries KW - area A1 - Zielony, Roman. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 463 T1 - Lasy wybranych dużych obszarów leśnych = The forests in selected examples of Poland’s Large Forest Areas UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231981 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - During the Second World War, the area of what is today the Białowieża/Belovezhskaya Forest was first controlled by the Soviet Union (in the face of its incursion into Poland in the years 1939‑1941) and then under German Occupation (in the years 1941‑1944). The management of the Forest’s resources during that period has remained one of the lesser-known aspects of this renowned site’s history, hence the justification for the present article considering the scope of exploitation and protection of the Białowieża Forest during the War, on the basis of newly-identified documentation, as well as the results of remote sensing and archaeological resources. In the process, this article is also in a position to address the cognitive potential of sources of these kinds; and there is an expounding of the usefulness of interdisciplinary research when it comes to expanding and fleshing out knowledge of the impacts WW II exerted on the Forest. In the event, our analysis reveals rather similar approaches to the protection and exploitation of the Forest under both Occupants. During the Soviet Occupation, scientists’ efforts at protection could not prevent stands from being exploited at an intensity equivalent to at least 2.5 times the annual increment of wood, even if examples of plunder-felling are left aside. With the arrival of the Germans, the Forest was granted a status as a Third Reich State Hunting District whose consequence was displacement of most inhabitants, but stands were anyway exploited at an intensity equivalent to more than 1.5 times the annual increment of wood – if most probably by way of sanitation cutting alone. A valuable result of studying documentation from the State Archives of the Russian Federation is the way this reveals the aforementioned efforts by nature-conservation institutions and scientists from the USSR to protect the Forest – in the face of intensive utilisation ordered by the authorities of the BSSR and the USSR. Associated data, especially cartographic in nature, combined with the results of remote sensing and archaeological resources to permit development of a historical or archaeological GIS (H-GIS or A-GIS), with this constituting the first spatial database of its type providing for further research into this Forest’s history. The diagnosis further helped indicate areas worthy of future cognitive exploration. Of particular relevance here are changes in the spatial structure of forest reflecting felling by both Occupants; changes in settlement structure resulting from the displacement action followed by post-War re-colonisation of destroyed villages; and identified sites of hostilities. Postulates of the kind set here proved pursuable thanks to a combined analysis of textual, cartographic, remote-sensing and archaeological materials. Of equal further value might be large-scale field survey, e.g. using geophysical methods; as this would serve to augment the inventory of traces of armed conflicts, adding detail to what the authors were able to determine from the research in the state archives of Germany, Russia and Belarus, as well as in the Polish resources of the Archives of New Records and Central Military Archives. Together, such activity has allowed and will allow for a more accurate recognition of the transformations taking place in the Białowieża/ Belovezhskaya Forest during World War II. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231980/PDF/WA51_268780_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Wilk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 462 KW - Poland KW - Białowieża Forest KW - nature protection KW - forest exploitation KW - World War II KW - historical geography A1 - Wilk, Anna. Autor A1 - Zawadzki, Mateusz. Autor A1 - Zapłata, Rafał. Autor A1 - Obidziński, Artur. Autor A1 - Stereńczak, Krzysztof. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 445 T1 - Użytkowanie i ochrona Puszczy Białowieskiej w okresie II wojny światowej w świetle wybranych źródeł historycznych, kartograficznych i archeologicznych = Use and protection of the Białowieża Forest during World War II in the light of selected historical, cartographic and archaeological sources UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231980 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - On the basis of 2001, 2007, 2012 and 2018 phytosociological records obtained from 52 permanent plots distributed across Poland’s Kampinos National Park, it proved possible to determine main directions of change in the ecological character of undergrowth. Reference to similarity of species composition on the plots between 2001 and 2018 allowed for the identification of Groups: A (occurring in boggy alder forest habitats, and comprising communities at different successional stages), B (coniferous and mixed-coniferous forests), C (oak-hornbeam forests and similar communities) and D (vegetation representing different dynamic stages of the succession from non-forest to forest communities). Irrespective of each plot’s unique history, the above Groups of plots could be characterised in line with specific sets of features subject to directional change during the period under analysis. Where Group A communities were concerned, a rise in the level of ground water and a decline in the content of organic carbon in soil were experienced, with the result that fen sedge species (Scheuchzerio-Caricetea) came to play a reduced role, even as there was a steadily-increasing role for species associated with communities flooded at least periodically (hence Potamogetonetea and Bidentetea). This was accompanied by a decrease in the number of shrub species and an increase in the number of bryophyte species. There were also increases in the proportions of geophytes and species associated with habitats more abundant in nitrogen. Group B communities were likewise subject to rising water tables, albeit changes not reflected directly in differing vegetation characteristics. The carbon: nitrogen ratio in soils here increased, as did numbers of species characteristic of undergrowth, as well as the bryophyte layer. Nevertheless, where undergrowth species were concerned, the role of those typical for open sandy grasslands (Koelerio-Corynephoretea) is seen to be declining, with this inter alia denoting increased shares of species either tolerant of shade or avoiding full illumination. There has also been a decline affecting hemicryptophytes, even as species associated with more nitrogen-rich habitats have come to account for greater shares. Where Group C communities encountered higher water levels, certain patches present in wetter habitats saw increases in the role played by species characteristic for class Bidentetea. The sorption capacities of soils here decreased, while values for the C: N ratio rose. Tree and shrub species came to be fewer in number as numbers of undergrowth species rose. There were also increases in the roles of species characterising moist verges (Galio-Urticenea), as well as geophytes. Group D communities likewise encountered rising groundwater levels, but did not seem to experience directional change otherwise, within their phytocoenoses. The sorption capacity of their soils nevertheless decreased. Overall, it was possible to note increases over the period in question when it came to numbers of species present in the tree, undergrowth and bryophyte layers. However, while the role of species characteristic for class Nardo-Callunetea increased, that of Trifolio-Geranietea species declined. And, while correlations between vegetation and soil characteristics proved to be different for each of the four groups of communities, there was no precluding model parameters differing significantly from one year of measurement to another. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231979/PDF/WA51_268777_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Solon.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 443 KW - Poland KW - Kampinos National Park KW - permanent plots KW - phytosociological record KW - vegetation dynamics KW - fluctuation KW - regeneration A1 - Solon, Jerzy (1954– ). Autor A1 - Otręba, Anna. Autor A1 - Andrzejewska, Anna. Autor A1 - Zaniewski, Piotr T. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 413 T1 - Zmiany składu gatunkowego i wskaźników struktury zbiorowisk roślinnych w latach 2001‑2018 na wybranych powierzchniach stałych w Kampinoskim Parku Narodowym = Changes of species composition and structural indices among plant communities in 2001‑2018 on selected permanent plots in Kampinos National Park UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231979 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Because of the scale and speed of species extinctions conservationists require methods that facilitate decision making. Therefore, a wide range of habitat and population viability analysis (PVA) software has been developed. Given the diversity of available programs it is currently challenging to decide which program is the most appropriate for a particular problem and what has to be considered when interpreting and comparing results from different approaches. Previous comparisons of PVA software addressed more generic questions such as data requirements, assumptions and predictive accuracy. In contract, we focus on a more applied problem that is still unresolved: how do simple habitat models and PVA software packages affect the ranking of alternative management scenarios? We addressed this problem by comparing different packages (LARCH, META-X, VORTEX and RAMAS GIS). As a test case, we studied the impact of alternative landscape development scenarios (river regulation, grassland restoration, reforestation and renaturalisation) for the Vistula valley, Poland, on the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita). In this context we also aimed to assess whether the use of at least two different PVA packages can enable users to better understand the differences in model predictions, which would imply a greater awareness and critical use of the packages. Our model selection represents different approaches to population viability analysis, including habitat, local population and stochastic patch occupancy models. The models can be evaluated in regard to the complexity of parameters and to the way the landscape is handled. We used RAMAS GIS to create a habitat model (RAMASh) and a detailed spatially explicit stochastic metapopulation model (RAMASp) which combined served as a complete “virtual” dataset for parameterisation of other programs. As an example of a stochastic patch occupancy model, we selected the META-X software. For a more independent comparison we added VORTEX – another package that includes explicit population dynamics, similar to RAMAS. Additionally, we included the habitat model LARCH because this type of model is often used by policy makers. We compared the metapopulation structure produced by RAMASh and LARCH. Scenario ranking according to the predicted carrying capacity in both programs was exactly the same, because the quantitative results for each scenario were almost identical in both programs. However, the metapopulation structure showed big differences between the programs, especially in the number of small populations. The analyses of results of different PVA programs (RAMASp, VORTEX and META-X) showed that absolute values of viability measures partly differed among these programs. Slight differences in population growth rate in RAMASp and VORTEX were amplified by stochasticity and resulted in visibly lower values of final abundance in VORTEX than in RAMASp. Also the absolute values of intrinsic mean time to extinction showed some discrepancies in VORTEX and META-X. These results are in agreement with findings of previous PVA comparisons, which emphasizes that absolute values of viability measures produced by any single model should be treated with caution. Nevertheless, despite these differences the rankings of the scenarios were the same in all three programs. However the order of the scenarios was different than in habitat models. In addition, these rankings were robust to the choice of viability measure. Taken together, these results emphasize that scenario ranking delivered by PVA software is robust and thus very useful for conservation management. Furthermore, we recommend using at least two PVA software packages in parallel, as this forces user to scrutinize the simplifying assumptions of the underlying models and of the viability metrics used. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231904/PDF/WA51_268700_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Franz.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 385 KW - population viability analysis KW - Vistula valley KW - landscape management scenarios KW - metapopulation models KW - habitat models KW - natterjack toad A1 - Franz, Kamila W. Autor A1 - Romanowski, Jerzy. Autor A1 - Johst, Karin. Autor A1 - Grimm, Volker. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 365 T1 - Porównawcza ocena programów analizy żywotności populacji (PVA) w rankingu scenariuszy przekształceń krajobrazu = A comparative assessment of PVA software packages applied to rank the landscape management scenarios UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231904 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - There is wide recognition that urban green space provides city residents with considerable benefits, inter alia of an environmental, economic and health-related profile. However, the different types of urban greenery include a rather large proportion taking the form of vegetation on abandoned sites that remain uncultivated, to the extent that a plant cover develops without much active human involvement. Almost by definition, there is only a poor level of recognition of the ecological potential such sites (here referred to as “informal green spaces” – IGS) enjoy, or of their capacity to render a variety of different ecosystem services. Against that background, the work presented here entailed in-depth study of the flora and plant communities present in Warsaw’s informal green spaces, the aim being to better ascertain their role in preserving biodiversity and delivering ecosystem services. Specifically, we identified the plant species composition present at 75 different locations within the urban green space of Poland’s capital city. To qualify for consideration, these sites had to be identified as entirely bereft of vegetation maintenance, or else only minimally subject to it, to the extent that it is largely processes of natural succession that are ongoing. The sites in fact range from wastelands with stabilised vegetation, via urban scrub and forest, through to non-forest habitats, sporadically cultivated and established over 20 years. We determined the density of vegetation present, and examined its structure in relation to various known classes of green space. We further determined the role of various vegetation types in rendering ecosystem services, be that surface cooling, substrate moisture maintenance or a capacity to remove particulate matter from the air. The informal green spaces we investigated are in fact found to comprise mainly-stable forest communities dominated by invasive species of tree (phytosociological Classes Robinietea and Salicetea purpureae), as well as non-forest communities (of Classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Epilobietea and Artemisietea) again largely dominated by invasive plant species. The level of biodiversity here is average, it mostly being common forest and non-forest species that are preserved. However, in exceptional cases, the habitats constituted here do support species rare on a regional scale. It emerges that the forest vegetation is of weakly-diversified structure, as a reflection of the specific strategy invasive species pursue as they form monospecific communities. As noted already, the vegetation of the informal green spaces is seen to be largely dominated by such invasive species. Nevertheless, despite their evidently limited role in preserving biodiversity, these sites represent such a high density and volume of vegetation that their provisioning of ecosystem services is on a high level, especially where forest plant communities are involved. Sites that have come to be dominated by invasive plant species are shown to render ecosystem services comparable with (or sometimes even surpassing) those provided by native species, and this is especially the case when it comes to the removal of particulate matter from air and the exerting of a cooling effect. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231903/PDF/WA51_268627_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Archicin.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 363 KW - Class Robinietea KW - novel ecosystems KW - urban spontaneous vegetation A1 - Archiciński, Piotr. Autor A1 - Sikorski, Piotr. Autor A1 - Sikorska, Daria. Autor A1 - Przybysz, Arkadiusz. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 341 T1 - Roślinność wieloletnich nieużytków miejskich – systematyka zbiorowisk, ich struktura i pełnione usługi ekosystemowe = Vegetation of perennial urban wastelands – syntaxonomy, structure and ecosystem services UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231903 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The aim of this work was to review the latest literature in terms of the use of phytosociological relevés (vegetation plots) in research on the natural environment. The systematic review included 321 articles published in 2010‑2021 in the most renowned journals (indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection with a score ≥100 according to the 2021 list of journals of the Poland’s Ministry of Education and Science). The research questions were: in which fields of science and practice, for what purposes and on what spatial scales the phytosociological relevés are currently used. After initial review, the articles were divided into 10 thematic groups: 1) classification of plant communities, 2) methodological studies, 3) relationship between vegetation and other elements of the environment, 4) occurrence of invasive plant species, 5) indicative role of vegetation, 6) plant communities as habitats for animals, 7) human footprint on vegetation, 8) long-term vegetation changes, 9) combining phytosociological methods with remote sensing methods, 10) social studies. The results showed that phytosociological relevés, as the method to investigate vegetation developed in the first decades of the 20th century, are still widely used in many regions of the world. The most numerous thematic group comprised articles that show how habitat conditions impact the distribution and diversity of plant species and their communities, while the least numerous – studies combining natural and social research. The vast majority of research was dedicated to environmental problems, although social and economic aspects were also present. These were both theoretical and methodological works, as well as detailed studies, which resulted in the formation of recommendations and practical guidelines for nature protection or spatial planning. Recently, relevés have been rarely used solely to distinguish and characterise plant communities, as originally intended by those who invented this method. However, thanks to modern statistical and computer tools, more and more attempts are being made to create automatic classifications with the use of artificial intelligence, e.g. neural networks. The geographic scope was usually restricted to one country (local and regional – 241 articles) or to two or more bordering countries (47). Continental (19) and global (7) studies are less common and studies within Europe prevail. It is because the discussed method was developed and is best known in Europe (Franco-Swiss Phytosociological School), and its dissemination throughout the world is only an evidence of its universality and efficiency. The recent larger-scale studies became possible mainly due to the development of transnational vegetation databases, e.g. the widely utilised European Vegetation Database – EVA. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231902/PDF/WA51_268595_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Kowalska.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 339 KW - systematic review KW - vegetation databases KW - Braun-Blanquet method KW - habitat conditions KW - plant communities A1 - Kowalska, Anna. Autor A1 - Wolski, Jacek (1971– ). Autor A1 - Affek, Andrzej Norbert. Autor A1 - Regulska, Edyta. Autor A1 - Roo-Zielińska, Ewa (1948– ). Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 311 T1 - Wykorzystanie zdjęć fitosocjologicznych w najnowszych badaniach środowiska przyrodniczego = The use of phytosociological relevés in recent studies of the natural environment UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231902 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231901/PDF/WA51_268570_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Degorski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 309 KW - Geography A1 - Degórski, Marek PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 307 T1 - Jubileusz Profesora Jana Marka Matuszkiewicza UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231901 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231899/PDF/WA51_268569_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Spis.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 303 KW - Geography PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 303 T1 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021), Spis treści UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231899 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Average global temperatures have been rising extremely rapidly over recent decades, with all the side-effects that may denote, including increased risks of both drought and flood, prolongation of the growing season, intensification of other extreme weather events, potentially enhanced erosion and sediment transport through river basins, and even invasions of pests and diseases. Against that factual background, this paper presents a review, and in essence a summary, of existing scientific literature as it pertains to the functioning of the riparian ecosystems present within agricultural landscapes, as well as the former’s potential role in mitigating climate change. Riparian ecosystems of course constitute areas of transition between the aquatic and terrestrial environments, and are in a position to serve as buffers, as they filter and neutralise nutrients and pesticides descending from areas at higher elevations, provide shade (that may limit the spread of light-demanding alien species), moderate stream temperatures, and work to sequester atmospheric CO2 in both plant biomass and soil. They also support water retention in river valleys, and protect banks against erosion. Zoned buffer strips consisting of one strip of trees and one of grassy or herbaceous vegetation are shown to be among the most-effective measures deployable in the mitigation of diffuse pollution. A search through 2 bibliographical databases (the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus) was undertaken in respect of the terms: ” riparian buffer” OR” riparian corridor” OR” riparian zone” OR” riparian strip” AND” agricultural” AND” climate change”. Such a procedure allowed for the identification of 76 separate scientific papers, albeit with 12 of these warranting exclusion from further analyses on account of their actual irrelevance. The largest body of literature on this topic is seen to concentrate on highly-developed countries of North America and Europe, notably the USA, Canada and France. Deeper analysis of the papers found points to a growing interest in mathematical modelling of the effects of agricultural best-mangement practices (BMPs), in regard to future streamflow, supply of water, the transport of sediment through a basin, rates of export of nitrogen and phosphorus, etc. – with both current climatic conditions and various future scenarios for climate being taken account of. The results of all this modelling tend to show how riparian buffers may serve in a basin-based strategy for climate adaptation, by which change may actually be mitigated more effectively than it can through other BMPs, even as no full offsetting of impacts is likely to prove achievable. Many of the authors in publications selected also choose to underline the multifunctional nature of riparian ecosystems, and the specific nature of the services they have to offer. 69% of the publications analysed address implications for practice, e.g. by offering guidelines as regards conservation strategies, and/or recommendations for managers of basins or other key decision-makers when it comes to restoring or improving both the ecological health of rivers, and levels of human well-being in general. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/231927/PDF/WA51_268701_r2021-t93-z3_Przeg-Geogr-Kolaczko.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 3 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 3 EP - 411 KW - riparian buffer KW - agricultural landscape KW - climate change KW - vegetation KW - rivers A1 - Kołaczkowska, Ewa. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 387 T1 - Rola ekosystemów nadrzecznych w krajobrazach rolniczych w kontekście ostatnich zmian klimatu = The role of riparian ecosystems within agricultural landscapes in the climate change context UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/231927 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The main objectives of the research carried out were identification of the strength of – and trends characterising – the impact of EU law and policy on spatial planning and territorial governance in Member States, in relation to selected environmental issues; as well as an attempt to determine geographical regularities. The first issue analysed issue concerned the impact of EU environmental law on Member States’ spatial planning, while the second sought to demonstrate the importance of major EU policies in relation to their environmental objectives. A third aspect saw impact (“clout” ) assessed and trends identified where two environmental priorities under EU policies were concerned, i.e. (I) the strengthening of ecological structures and cultural resources as added value for development, (II) sustainable growth – promoting a more resource efficient, greener and more competitive economy. Most attention was paid to the top-down impact of the EU on spatial planning and territorial governance, though studies als sought examples of bottom-up and horizontal influence as signalled by national experts. This article is based on the results of the ESPON COMPASS project entitled: Comparative Analysis of Territorial Governance and Spatial Planning Systems in Europe. Analysis of the very extensive questionnaire material available, as well as the results of the case studies, resulted in an acknowledgment that the top-down influence determines the impacts of EU environmental law and policy on Member States’ spatial planning. In sum, that impact of the EU environmental law was identifiable as quite strong at all levels of planning. Indeed, trends for an increasing influence applied to the vast majority of countries. There were three regularities identified in this respect: (I) it is a strong impact and increasing clout that prevail to a significant degree among EU-15 countries, (II) a constant impact is characteristic for the vast majority of the Nordic countries, and in both cases is mainly an aspect of countries caring for the quality of the environment, (III) the greatest variation in terms of the strengths and irections of impact can be identified within the group of post-communist countries, even as there is a prevalence of upward trends noted in these countries. Among the EU environmental regulations exerting the greatest impact on the spatial planning and territorial governance of the Member States, the ones highlighted most frequently were the Directives on environmental assessments (EIA and SEA), as well as the so-called Habitats and Birds Directives. In seeking to summarise the strength of impact of the selected EU environmental policy priorities on Member States’ spatial planning and territorial governance – as well as the trends for that impact – the largest group of countries pointed to an upward trend and a moderate impact. However, results obtained offered no basis for the identification of clear regularities However, the Europeanisation of environmental law and policy was shown also to have a significant impact on the Europeanisation of environmental spatial planning. It also proved possible to demonst ate how spatial planning, although constituting a reserved domain of each country, is actually the most Europeanised of all environmental issues. With regard to the top-down impact of environmental law, i.e. that exerted from the EU level down to the spatial planning and territorial governance of the Member States, the adoption of the acquis communautaire is to be indicated as the main reason for the significant impact. Equally, when it came to the impact of environmental policy, it was usual for a strong link with Cohesion Policy to be identified. The article also offers recommendations regarding the development of a more-effective connection between Cohesion Policy and spatial planning and territorial governance, in the sphere of the protection and strengthening of countries’ natural and cultural heritage. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/232816/WA51_269717_r2021-t93-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Degorska.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 4 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 4 EP - 585 KW - EU environmental policy KW - Europeanisation KW - spatial planning KW - territorial governance KW - Cohesion Policy KW - European Union A1 - Degórska, Bożena (1956– ). Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 555 T1 - Wpływ prawa i polityki Unii Europejskiej na planowanie przestrzenne i zarządzanie terytorialne państw członkowskich w zakresie wybranych kwestii środowiskowych = Impact of European Union law and policy on spatial planning and territorial governance of the Member States as regards selected environmental issues UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/232816 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Poland’s socio-economic transformation brought a rapid increase in motorisation even as public transport underwent regression. This problem was particularly marked in the rail-transport sector, which experienced the largest contraction in the history of railways on Polish territory. However, by the late 2010s and early 2020s, it was possible to note positive change on the country’s rail-services market, mainly due to investment in infrastructure and the emergence of new railway companies. The period in question may thus be seen to mark the beginning of a new stage to the development of rail transport in Poland. Notwithstanding steady growth in numbers of passengers carried by rail in recent years, the current level of use of this means of transport continues to look relatively low in Poland, as compared with other EU Member States. This leaves it especially important for rail transport to be researched, in the contexts of both the sector’s functioning in a new stage to its development, and the strengthening of rail’s role as a means of transport. In this, the analysis of passenger flows should be emphasised in particular, given the way this allows spatial differentiation of travel behaviour in given areas to be identified. However, as difficulties with obtaining relevant data have ensured a lack of full understanding in the relevant literature, the work underpinning the present article was designed specifically to help make good this research gap. Specifically, this article aims to elucidate the spatial distribution of passenger flows as set against the transport offer, and to identify the kind of relationship which pertains between these two features and aspects. To that end, research was conducted in Poland’s Dolnośląskie Voivodeship – as a regional-level unit of administration considered to exemplify rail transport at regional level. In consequence, our analysis was able to confirm the uneven nature of volumes of passenger traffic across Poland. A peak concentration of traffic characterises the commuter lines around Wrocław, which is also the largest generator of traffic. However, at successively greater distances from that urban centre, numbers of passengers are found to be steadily lower. This culminates in a situation whereby the smallest numbers of people travel along lines in the region’s peripheries, most especially where sections of the rail network lack direct connections with Wrocław. Through empirical analysis forming this study’s last part, we also confirmed that data on the transport offer may (with certain limitations) be treated as a proxy for data on passenger traffic. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/232815/WA51_269414_r2021-t93-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Jurkowsk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 4 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 4 EP - 553 KW - rail transport KW - passenger flows KW - transport offer KW - passenger flow analysis KW - Dolnośląskie Voivodeship KW - Poland A1 - Jurkowski, Wojciech. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 533 T1 - Przewozy pasażerskie w regionalnym systemie transportu kolejowego w województwie dolnośląskim w 2018 r. = Spatial distribution of passenger flows in a regional system of rail transport. A case study involving Poland’s Dolnośląskie Voivodeship UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/232815 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - This paper deals with the relationship between the clustering potential and the actually created cluster structures in Poland. The authors compared the level of concentration of entities representing creative industries, expressed as the Location Quotient (LQ), with the locations of the creative clusters actually existing in Poland. The questions to which answers were sought were: (1) what is the geographical distribution of clustering potential where creative industries are concerned? (2) which gminas (units of local-government administration) are home to the entities forming the creative clusters?, and (3) are cluster structures really emerging in the areas offering the greatest clustering potential? To answer these questions, the authors conducted two analyses, of which the first led to a conclusion that – where the accepted interpretation of the LQ value is applied – only 1.9% of Poland’s gminas have conditions allowing for the building of creative specialisations, including via the development of creative clusters (where more stringent requirements are adopted, that share actually reduces further to 0.6%). Furthermore, the group in question shows a clearly-dominant role for gminas of Mazowieckie voivodship (province-region). In general, the distribution of creative entities across Poland is seen to be uneven, though it does correspond with the distribution of population through the country. Visible concentrations of the entities analysed were thus to be observed around the Metropolitan Areas of Warsaw, Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Łódź, the Tri-City (Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot) and Upper Silesia, as well as around Rybnik and Bielsko. A second result relates to the distribution of creative clusters, of which some 17 are to be noted. As of 2019, these each had between 4 and 66 members. Detailed analysis further confirms the very uneven geographical distribution, with Śląskie and in part also Małopolskie voivodships clearly dominant. Each of the remaining voivodeships have a maximum of two creative clusters. The two results obtained were then combined (Figs. 2 and 3), in line with an assumption that comparison of the clustering potential and the distribution of existing clusters would supply a positive and moderate correlation. In the event, no such result was obtained, with the coefficient for the correlation between the number of all surveyed entities in municipalities and the number of entities included in a cluster being: R=0.16. A similar result (of R=0.26) was obtained by examining the correlation between LQ and the numbers of entities forming clusters. This result shows that creative clusters are not established in Poland in the areas of the country offering the best conditions in terms of numbers of potential member entities. It follows that the creation of cluster structures is determined by other factors. These may include activity on the part of cluster facilitators, as well as the latter’s talent for acquiring new members for a cluster initiative, as well as the prospect of external funding being obtained. It is nevertheless endogenous potential that should be the driving force, given the favourable conditions it provides for economic specialisation to be pursued – as the basis upon which to build proper cluster structures. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/232814/WA51_269375_r2021-t93-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Namyslak.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 4 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 4 EP - 531 KW - creative industries KW - creative clusters KW - clustering KW - location quotient LQ KW - Poland A1 - Namyślak, Beata. Autor A1 - Spallek, Waldemar. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 515 T1 - Koncentracja przestrzenna działalności twórczych a lokalizacja klastrów kreatywnych w Polsce = The spatial concentration of creative activity and location of creative clusters in Poland UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/232814 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - In Poland, small towns constitute the largest group within the overall structure of the urban settlement network. They are distributed evenly across the country and serve numerous essential social and economic functions. These centres thus represent an important link in the system of connections between the countryside and the cities of regional and national significance. According to data for 2017, Poland had 705 such small towns (i.e. towns with less than 20,000 inhabitants). In line with the accessibility of statistical material and the timing of the study (the 2008‑2017 period), the analysis encompassed 670 small towns. The purpose of the work this paper details has been to determine the relationship between the natural increase and the net migration balance in small towns, and to assess their impact on the contemporary population ageing processes in settlement units of this type in Poland. A first phase to the study determined the aforementioned relationship, seeking to avoid the influence of incidental annual changes by averaging indicators for natural increase and net migration balance for the initial and terminal periods of analysis over periods of three consecutive years, i.e. 2008‑2009‑2010 (2008/2010) and 2015‑2016‑2017 (2015/2017). Eight demographic categories of small town were distinguished, with these featuring various directions to the increase/migration balance relationship referred to. In general terms, the first four categories (A, B, C and D) refer to units in which population increased, while the subsequent four categories (E, F, G and H) relate to towns manifesting population declines. A further step then entailed determination of the rate of population ageing in the small towns under study, using the demographic old-age indicator based on percentage-point differences between the shares of the young and old populations (Długosz, 1997). The set of towns analysed was dominated by the centres in which there was significant migratory outflow and/or natural decrease. In the period adopted as the starting point of the study (2008‑2010), the category proving dominant comprised towns whose negative net migration balances were not compensated by positive natural increase (category H). In turn, where data for the final years of the study (2015‑2017) were concerned, the highest proportion of the small towns considered were in category G, as featuring both a high level of migratory outflow and natural decrease. The share of towns representing progressive demographic cateo ies decreased over the entire period considered. The study demonstrated that both the natural and migratory processes ongoing in small towns had assumed predominantly negative directions, leading to weakened population potential, and exerting a direct impact in the form of depopulation. Furthermore, the share of towns in which ageing of the population was observed increased from 65% to more than 80% in the years 2008/2010‑2015/2017. The population-ageing process was thus taking place in almost all of Poland’s small towns, with there remaining just 10 such towns in which the age structure of the resident population was growing younger. The most major changes were those ongoing in the small towns of north-western and east-central Poland. Above all, these were centres experiencing high levels of migratory outflow. The slowest rates of ageing were in turn observed in small centres located in the southern belt of provinces. The results obtained offer confirmation of intensifying population-ageing processes in Poland’s small towns. In future, this will phenomenon s certain to exert a negative influence on the state of the economy in small towns, as well as on their social structures. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/232813/WA51_269342_r2021-t93-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Banski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 93 z. 4 (2021) PY - 2021 IS - 4 EP - 513 KW - small towns KW - population ageing KW - demography KW - population KW - natural movement KW - migration KW - Poland A1 - Bański, Jerzy (1960– ). Autor A1 - Kamińska, Wioletta. Autor A1 - Mularczyk, Mirosław. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 491 T1 - Ruch naturalny i migracje a zjawisko starzenia się społeczeństwa w małych miastach w Polsce w okresie 2008‑2017 = Natural and migratory movements and population ageing in Poland’s small towns in the years 2008‑2017 UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/232813 ER -