TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - In the 8th century, the first political boundary between Germany (the land of the Franks) and the Slav people – known as Limes Sorabicus – followed the line of the Rivers Elbe and its tributary the Saale. In later centuries this was breached under the influence of an eastwards political expansion of Germany also characterised by developing German colonisation in that same direction (of the so-called Ostsiedlung). The consequence was for German regional communities to take shape to the east of the old Limes Sorabicus. Alongside the emigrants from the west, further participants in the process where autochthonous Slavs and Balts. This mixed origin of the new communities arising is revealed in historical accounts, but also via the results of scientific analyses of various profiles. The genetic research carried out to date supports the above contention, as well as a conclusion that the zone around the old Limes Sorabicus, despite its running through the centre of what is today an ethnically-German area, continues to represent a separation of populations whose ancestors are mainly of distinct origins. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/153568/PDF/WA51_187810_r2020-t93-no4_G-Polonica-Kowalski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 93 No. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 596 KW - Germans KW - Slavs KW - eastward colonization KW - origin of populations KW - relict boundaries KW - genetic research A1 - Kowalski, Mariusz. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 569 T1 - The Early Mediaeval Slav-German border (Limes Sorabicus) in the light of research into Y-chromosome polymorphism in contemporary and historical German populations UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/153568 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The cyclical character of definite processes observed under both Polish and American conditions in fact emerges as of a universal nature, finding its analogies throughout the world, though first and foremost within the European cultural circle. It is also possible to speak of its far reaching synchronicity, encompassing change on both local and global scales. This is witnessed by successive culminations of cycles with the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, the revolutionary surges of the 1830s and 1840s, the events of the 1860s and 1870s, the turbulences and wars of the early 20th century (notably World War I), then World War II, the great transformations of the 1980s, and the recently observed increase in political tension in various parts of the world (e.g. the Middle East, Ukraine, etc.). In the economic sphere the symptoms are shifts in the business climate, which can even be calculated by reference to quantitative indicators. Then, in the sphere of culture, it is possible to denote successive periods in literature and the arts. In the political sphere in turn, events that shape the state or territorial order are to be observed readily. The present article thus seeks to propose the existence of a universal and synchronous 30-40 years long generation cycle, which manifests itself in real symptoms in the world of politics, and for instance in the cyclicity seen to characterise intensity of change on the political map of Europe. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/81468/PDF/WA51_105976_r2019-t92-no3_G-Polonica-Kowalski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 92 No. 3 (2019) PY - 2019 IS - 3 EP - 273 KW - political life KW - generations KW - cyclicality KW - political changes KW - Poland KW - Europe KW - world A1 - Kowalski, Mariusz. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 253 T1 - Generational cycles and changes in time and space UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/81468 ER -