@misc{Kowalczyk_Karol._Autor_Kompresja_2025,
 author={Kowalczyk, Karol. Autor},
 volume={97},
 number={4},
 copyright={Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license},
 address={Warszawa},
 journal={Przegląd Geograficzny},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2025},
 publisher={IGiPZ PAN},
 language={pol},
 abstract={With the implementation of subsequent innovations in transportation and telecommunications, there has been a reduction in the time required to cover physical distances by people, goods, and information, known as time-space compression. Over the last 200 years, individual places on Earth have become closer in terms of time distances. However, the scale and rate of this phenomenon have been diverse. The paper attempts to characterise the pattern of time-space compression as regards transport in Polish lands between 1825 and 2025. The wave of innovation associated with the opening of the first public steam railway in Great Britain (1825) reached Warsaw in the 1840s. However, most of today's voivodeship capitals only gained access to the new mode in the following decades. Before that, long-distance connections were served by much slower horse-drawn postal coaches. Railway development, although interrupted by war damages and the phase of network contraction in the second half of the 20th century, contributed to a gradual shrinking of time distances. Time-space compression continues to advance, driven by the investments made following Poland's accession to the EU. This research included an analysis of travel times by horse-drawn coach and by train to Warsaw from five selected cities (Kraków, Toruń, Białystok, Łódź and Lublin). The long-term perspective and identification of the factors shaping the discussed process were enabled, i.a., by referring to old maps and archival timetables.},
 type={Text},
 title={Kompresja czasu i przestrzeni na ziemiach polskich w latach 1825–2025 na przykładzie pocztowych i kolejowych połączeń pasażerskich wybranych miast z Warszawą = Time-space compression in Polish lands, 1825–2025: a case study of postal and railway passenger connections from selected cities to Warsaw},
 URL={http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/247819/WA51_284493_r2025-t97-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Kowalczy.pdf},
 keywords={time-space compression, time-space convergence, temporal accessibility, passenger transport, anamorphic maps, Polish lands},
}