@misc{Biermann_Felix_Ringwall_2001,
 author={Biermann, Felix and Frey, Katrin},
 volume={49},
 copyright={Rights Reserved - Free Access},
 address={Wrocław},
 journal={Przegląd Archeologiczny},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2001},
 publisher={Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk},
 language={ger},
 abstract={In today Berlin and Teltow territory (middle Brandenburg province), the 10th century pagus Sprewa, are known 11 or 12 strongholds from 9th-10th centuries, beneath them important places like Köpenick, Spandau and „Pennigsberg" near Mittenwalde. These and the other strongholds are small circular fortifications of wood and earth situated in marshy areas, quite often with another rampart in front of the main castle. The article presents a view over the investigations concerning these strongholds, which produced in many cases dendrochronological dates. Main question is the function and the political background of thebuildings. They are interpreted as seats of Slavonic local powers. These dominions had older traditions in tribal hierarchy, but built strongholds in nowadays Berlin and Teltow area not before middle of 9th century. Reason for building of strongholds was concurrence between local dominions for power over people and land. This was a result of increase of population which caused decrease of settlement areas in 9th century. The text deals as well with the question of a central power and with the role of hevellian, polish and east frankish power in 10th century Sprewa area},
 type={Text},
 title={Ringwall und Macht. Über die Burgen des 9./10.Jh. am Teltow und im Berliner Raum},
 URL={http://www.rcin.org.pl/iae/Content/60378/PDF/WA308_79850_PIII272_Ringwall-und-Macht_I.pdf},
 keywords={Early medieval Archaeology, Slavonic Strongholds, military architecture, medieval political history, settlement structures},
}