@misc{Maćkowski_Tomasz_Toruńskie_2022,
 author={Maćkowski, Tomasz},
 volume={70},
 number={3},
 copyright={Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license},
 address={Warszawa},
 journal={Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2022},
 publisher={Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk},
 language={pol},
 abstract={The aim of the current paper is to present and correctly describe stamps used for marking broadcloth, objects of extreme rarity on an European scale, which are held in the Regional Museum in Toruń. Their hitherto identification as employed to indicate the quality of broadcloth is only partially correct, since they were in possession not only of the broadcloth makers, but of the dyers. This is confirmed by a characteristic name contained in the stamp inscriptions: ENKEL STAEL, ANDERTHALB STAEL or DOBBELT STAEL. A more detailed characterization of these objects is possible through analogies with documents and material sources from the Gdańsk area, where a similar system of marking dyed broadcloth began to function in the year 1600. The beginning of the Toruń stamps’ period of use should be linked with the foundation, in 1607, of a joint-stock company known as the “Handels-Societat”, which dealt in, among others, textile dyeing.},
 type={Text},
 title={Toruńskie stemple do znakowania sukna — przyczynek do dziejów farbiarstwa w Rzeczypospolitej w XVII wieku},
 URL={http://www.rcin.org.pl/iae/Content/237202/273496.pdf},
 keywords={“Stahl” matrices, Toruń, Gdańsk, 17th c., history of dyeing},
}