@misc{Zimny_Henryk_Miasto_1976,
 author={Zimny, Henryk},
 editor={Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Ekologii},
 copyright={Creative Commons Attribution BY 3.0 PL license},
 address={Warszawa},
 howpublished={online},
 year={1976},
 language={pol},
 abstract={In the future 80-90 per cent of the world population will live in towns. Many specialists such as ecologists, town planners, architects, sociologists, psychologists and others are interested in towns, because life in cities and towns is both tiring and difficult at the present time. There are many papers dealing with city environment investigations, but the knowledge obtained is not sufficient for town planning and building. Towns in their structure consist of abiotic and biotic components with the former predominating. The biotic components are: vegetation, animals and people. A human being needs not only food and shelter, but many other things such as means of transport and communication, a system of education, economy and cultural activities. These needs result building characteristic structures of cities. Ecologists have very different points of view on towns. Some of them think that cities are not ecological systems at all, while others think that only green spaces are ecological systems — ecosystems in the town; or that towns consist of many ecosystems, for example: urban green areas, communication, transport and rest grounds. American ecologists and I represent the viewpoint that all town structures form one system. In nature ecosystems possess two components: abiotic and biotic. The biotic component is composed of groups of organisms such as producers, consumers and decomposers. In a natural ecosystem all energy enters as solar radiation whereas in an anthropogenic ecosystem energy enters from different sources, such as solar radiation or technical energy. In an urban ecosystem the human population is the dominant component among the biotic components, producers (green areas) and -decomposers are too small in this ecosystem. We know that vegetation has the same function in the biosphere as in an urban ecosystem. The large amount of wastes in an urban ecosystem cause ecological environment degradation. Processes of decomposition are too slow, and it is therefore necessary to activate decomposers, but utilization of wastes as a whole would be possible only as technical decomposition. In conclusion we must show that: 1) cities are urban ecosystems, 2) the urban ecosystem is an open system, 3) in this system producers and decomposers occupy too low a position among the others components, 4) this system ought to be investigated, 5) at the moment we have too little information about urban ecology, 6) improvement of urban environment conditions is possible only if we activate the producers and decomposers, 7) biological processes of decomposition on a large scale are not feasible, so technical utilization of wastes becomes a necessity.},
 title={Miasto jako układ ekologiczny},
 type={Text},
 URL={http://www.rcin.org.pl/Content/153837/PDF/WA058_107870_P3259-22_Eko-Pol-B.pdf},
 volume={22},
 number={4},
 journal={Wiadomości Ekologiczne},
 publisher={Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe},
 keywords={urban ecology},
}