@misc{Śmiechowski_Kamil_(1985–_)_Podziały_2019,
 author={Śmiechowski, Kamil (1985– )},
 editor={Łupienko, Aleksander (1980– ). Editor},
 editor={Zabłocka-Kos, Agnieszka (1957– ). Editor},
 editor={Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla},
 copyright={Creative Commons Attribution BY-ND 4.0 license},
 address={Warszawa},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2019},
 publisher={Instytut Historii PAN},
 language={pol},
 abstract={This article analyses the image of the city centre of Łódź and social practices carried out within this space resulting from diversified material and the financial situation of different social strata. On the basis of press articles, the author seeks to employ two theoretical concepts: Michel de Certeau’s “social practices” and the “reading of the city”, to evaluate the phenomena occurring in the industrial space of Łódź. In the city of Łódź, the fact that it was characterised by an almost total privatisation of urban space and shortage of public functions was conducive to its disintegration. At the same time, the lack of division into districts of workers and bourgeoisie, typical of other urban centres, imposed the necessity of interaction between various social classes. According to the analysis, there was in the city space of Łódź a practice of the cyclical appearance of various social groups in the same urban space. This was a direct consequence of the shift system of work in industry leading to the symbolic invisibility of workers in the city’s streets outside working hours in factories. The space thus freed was then occupied by the members of other social classes. Meetings between these two groups were often of a violent nature and were associated with such phenomena as prostitution and crime. A departure from this rule was Sundays and Church holidays, when the working class symbolically took control of the city’s spaces. These observations justify the hypothesis that the industrial character of Łódź and shortages of its public spaces led to the formation of alternative urban spaces, characteristic of this city only.},
 type={Text},
 title={Podziały społeczne i praktyki przestrzenne w przestrzeni miejskiej Łodzi pod koniec XIX i na początku XX wieku},
 URL={http://www.rcin.org.pl/Content/140652/PDF/WA303_175683_II14682_Smiechowski.pdf},
 keywords={cities and towns - Poland - history - 19th c., cities and towns - Poland - history - 1900-1945, architecture and society - Poland - history - 19th c., architecture and society - Poland - history - 1900-1945, city planning - Poland - Łódź - history - 19th century, city planning - Poland - Łódź - history - 1900-1945, city planning - social aspect - Poland - Łódź - history, Łódź (Poland) - social conditions - history - 1870-1914, sociology, urban - Poland - Łódź - history, spatial practices, urban space, workers, bourgeoisie},
}