@misc{Pinowski_Jan_Nagrywania,_1960,
 author={Pinowski, Jan},
 editor={Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Ekologiczny},
 copyright={Creative Commons Attribution BY 3.0 PL license},
 address={Warszawa},
 howpublished={online},
 year={1960},
 language={pol},
 abstract={Sounds emitted by birds are of great importance in their lives. In the course of evolution they can even exert some influence on the morphology of species, for instance in cases in which they take the place of sexual dimorphism during search by birds for partners of the opposite sex. The use of magnetophon tape for recording sounds in the open and for their reproduction made it possible to study all kinds of sounds emitted by animals. Methods of analysis of the physical structure of sounds have greatly increased such possibilities.The structure of sounds emitted by birds is closely connected with their function. Sounds giving information about the place where the bird emitting them is to be found, possess a physical structure facilitates the localisation of their source. Conversely sounds intended as an alarm for instance of fright on sight in an approaching bird of prey, are difficult to locate which is of no small importance to the bird emitting the sound, since it protects it from being discovered by the bird of prey.Research carried out on the reaction of starlings, crows and gulls to the voice of fright of their own or other species are discussed in detail. Such reactions are different, depending on place and time of the emission of the alarming sound. Rooks for instance left their nests with eggs, but did not leave nests with young after hearing the emission of alarm sounds in the vicinity of the colony. The European crows of the Corvus type react to the voice of the American species Corvus brachyrhynchos. The last mentioned type reacts to the voice of fright of an European crow, but only in those territories of United States, where it has the possibility of meeting species whose voice of alarm is similar to the sound of fright of a jackdaw. European herring gulls do not sow any reaction to the voice of alarm emitted by American individuals of this species. This is evidence of the considerable differentiation between the voices of sub-species.Emissions of alarm sounds can be used for the protection of savings and orchards from damage inflicted by starlings and crow-like birds. The same method is applied for expulsion of birds from their night's lodgings where their stay is undesirable, and also from the run ways of airports where birds may cause aeroplane disasters.},
 title={Nagrywania, odtwarzanie i analiza fizyczna dźwięków wydawanych przez ptaki jako jedna z metod badań ekologicznych},
 type={Text},
 URL={http://www.rcin.org.pl/Content/120498/PDF/WA058_98134_P3259-6_Eko-Pol-B.pdf},
 volume={6},
 number={1},
 journal={Ekologia Polska. Seria B},
 publisher={Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe},
 keywords={birdsongs, bird songs, bird calls},
}