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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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Geodiversity is understood as a variation of all abiotic components in geographical environment. Its evaluation in spatial analysis requires construction of a number of maps as well as data analysis. In these works GIS tools and programs are useful. In this study, many different tools were used: reclassification, vectorization, aggregation, intersection, as well as operations on attribute tables, for example field calculator or summarization. Using the possibilities of ArcInfo, ModelBuilder tool built GIS models that significantly improve work on the geodiversity valuing. Constructed models have been tested on the example of slopes. Once digitized, all the contour-lines (isohypses) from the map in a scale of 1:50 000, and the use of tools Raster to Topo, digital elevation model (DEM) with resolution of grid 20 m was made. DEM was the basis for generating digital terrain model (DTM) and maps of slopes. On the basis of these maps slope values were calculated (maximum, minimum, range), as well as number of classes (PR patch richness), number of units (NP number of patches), Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI), Simpson’s diversity index (SIDI) and roughness coefficients (R, Rw). Study area, covering an area of 288 km2, was a fragment of the Polish Lowland west of Toruń.
Geographical study of tourism has a long history and well-established relationship with human geography. The purpose of this paper is thus to discuss the role and nature of tourism geographies in relation to human geography, by focusing on connections/disconnections between the fields. The issue of responsibility, representing one of the latest major focal points in geographical tourism studies of tourism, is also overviewed in relation to sustainability. It is concluded that, although the field of tourism geographies has become versatile and closer to the conceptual and theoretical understandings of human geography, there are increasing processes challenging the academic production and circulation system of international tourism geographies, which scholars need to deal with.
Given that the number of tourists travelling between Poland and Bulgaria increases every year, this article considers the adaptation strain facing those who move between certain sites on national or international routes. The Adaptation Strain Index (ASI) was applied for this purpose, and seasonal and spatial patterns of bioclimatic contrasts were considered. While travel within one or other of the countries does not prove particularly oppressive, it may sometimes lead to moderate adaptation strain. In contrast, international travel may prove especially stressful in summer and winter, to the extent that even very strong adaptation strain may be evoked. The results confirm the utility of the Adaptation Strain Index in measuring the bioclimatic contrasts between different locations.
Given the economic crisis related to the current COVID-19 pandemic, decision makers need to better understand how to effectively allocate their limited resources to support the most severely affected regions. In this context our research seeks to identify the regions that are economically vulnerable, as well as those that are more resilient, using information on the industries negatively impacted by travel restrictions and social distancing measures. With this aim in view, we propose a vulnerability index calculated using regions’ location coefficients by activity and the forecasted decline of these activities at national level and test it for the Romanian economy. We argue that regional specialisation itself is not the source of the current problems, but the high dependence of many regional economies on economic activities directly affected by measures designed to mitigate the epidemic impact is the root cause of future economic decline.
Globalization and other 21st century challenges underline the issue of finding effective management decisions and strategies in the field of spatial development, as well as their scientific basis. In Ukraine, there isa number of spatial development challenges associated with the post-Soviet transformation and integration into the world economy. The article considers the possible approaches to the promotion of spatial development policy,preconditions and barriers for its implementation. The internal and external factors of modern socio-economic development and reasons for its polarization are analysed. The trends of urban population changes in differentregions are presented. An approach to the spatial development framework strengthening, vectors of growth poles indication, as well as their selection criteria are presented.
Graph theory was used to present the connectivity and regionalisation of Poland’s network of urban settlement in 1931, 1950 and 2002. The vertices show towns and cities (as points), while the edges reflect distances between such urban centres, where these are located no further than 25 km apart. Simple graphs were used, and advantage taken of the properties of connected and disconnected (cohesive or non-cohesive) graphs, with graph connectivity studied to assess persistence in the settlement network. A connected graph may become disconnected when one vertex is removed, and in the context of the urban settlement network this denotes a town or city losing its rights and becoming part of the set of rural settlements. Conversely, a disconnected graph becomes connected when a new town or city in the network is founded. An important issue here is determination of the degree to which a connected graph can be regarded as connected. This is achieved by considering the number of edges needing to be removed from a graph before disconnection takes place. Such aspects of connectivity of the urban settlement network, as well as the forms it assumed in 1931, 1950 and 2002, have been presented against the backdrop of historical circumstances. Furthermore, urban settlement networks were considered regional if they could be represented by biconnected graphs. In fact, it was possible to distinguish several sub-graphs present at the beginning of the 21st century and representing permanent urban settlement networks (Fig. 8). These were the urban networks of the Wielkopolska region, as well as Lower Silesia, Kujawy, Upper Silesia, the Cracow agglomeration, Gdansk Pomerania and Western Pomerania, as well as Warmia and Mazury. Smaller and younger regions also represented by biconnected graphs included the agglomerations of Warsaw, Łódź, Białystok and Rzeszów, as well as the towns of the Świętokrzyskie, Lublin, Zamość, Lubuskie and Wolin regions.Thanks to analysis utilising graph theory, it was possible to note that the oldest regional urban settlement network (Silesia, Wielkopolska, Western Pomerania, Warmia and Mazury) takes the form of multiple circles. Most connected full graphs can be found in “young” towns and cities in Upper Silesia, the Dąbrowa Basin and, partially, the Warsaw agglomeration. The modern shape of urban settlement networks is influenced by railways, as can be seen in the cases of Warsaw and the Rzeszów agglomeration, as well as the Świętokrzyskie, Łódź and Białystok regions. After 1945, the connection of the urban settlement network of the so-called Regained Territories with the urban areas of Wielkopolska, Kujawy and other regions still separated by a state border as of 1931 may indicate the existence of a supranational region before World War II. Thanks to the functions provided by GIS tools and, in particular, the utilisation of additional layers with rivers and historical borders in graph analyses, the interpretation of graph connectivity was able to take into account the historical aspect.
GraphScape is a stand-alone software that exploit vector maps of landscape mosaics. It identifies the shortest path between chosen patches. The shortest path is defined as the path with the minimal sum of resistances for patches and borders to be crossed. Three categories of resistances are incorporated to modify the minimum spanning tree: (a) Patch class resistance (based on the patch suitability for a given species and/or process); (b) Resistance of a patch-to-patch transfer (based on structural/ecological similarity of adjacent patches); (c) Resistance of the patch size and shape (based on a preferred patch size/shape metrics, e.g. the radius of gyration). When all the resistances are not determined (and equal one by convention) then the shortest path is defined as the path with the minimal number of borders to be crossed. On the basis of the identified paths some new landscape metrics are proposed for the Patch and Class levels, e.g.: [Mean] Number of Steps, [Transfer/Patch_Type/Patch_Size] Weighted Number of Steps, Path Elongation (=Weighted Number of Steps / Number of Steps), Path Sum of Resistance, Mean Path Sum of Resistance. Depending on the way of patches choice and resistance defining, the results are useful for identifying, describing and illustrating: (a) Patch and Patch class isolation; (b) Paths in the landscape; (c) Critical patches (nodes for many paths or with the highest resistance). The ecological sense and practical usefulness of the results depend of the kind and accuracy of the input map
Growing spatial mobility is a challenge to cities is many ways. It brings positive development impulses and social diversity, but at the same time contributes to a decomposition of existing structures and is a challenge to planning. Under the conditions of the obvious signum temporis – an intensifying hyper-diversity and a growing liquidity of values with weakening social bonds and a less evident physical rootedness, the question should be posed whether urban places can still sustain their interactive local identity based on social solidarity, mutual support and trust. The problem is tested on the example of two districts of Warsaw – Praga Północ and Ursynów. In the search for regularities in the relation between the level of social diversity on one side and social solidarity on the other, the analysis focuses on the areas characterised by fundamental differences in their historic development, built environment and social structure.
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