TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Pope John Paul II wrote that Poland is “a Republic peacefully including many Nations, many Cultures, many Religions”. Somehow Norman Davies was more critical when he entitled his two volume history as God’s playground: A history of Poland. The Author of this paper feels rather uncertain about these descriptions.Certainly the neighbouring states have been very active in the ‘playground’, but the population has never been invited to play, and, lest we forget, look what happened to the Jewish inhabitants. Only in 1989, a long time after WW2, did East European states gain their full independence, and then their economic backwardness compared with Western Europe suddenly appeared in its full dimension. After years of diplomatic discussions, Poland and seven other East European states could officially join the European Union in 2004. This year was chosen for a first socio-economic comparison between the old and the new members of the EU. It was no surprise at all; the situation in the new members was by far the worst, even when compared with the less wealthy older ones. The second comparison relates to 2007 when the new members entered the Schengen Area, a compulsory clause for new members of the EU. Though remaining strong, differences were slowly decreasing. But a global crisis was beginning, and the crash officially came in September 2008 (with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers). That’s why the 3rd comparison, relative to 2012, gives puzzling results. The economic crisis has, without a doubt, been truly global, and from 2007/2008 to 2012 the figures got worse everywhere. But the impression changes when comparing 2012 to 2004: generally speaking, GDP has gone up in the old members but has been completely nullified by inflation. Not so in the New Member States where people certainly have more money now than they did before accession. In the first years after accession many workers tried to move westbound, but now a good number are coming back. I have dedicated greater importance to Poland, for obvious reasons, and to Italy. These are two countries which are traditionally friendly, and the more so after the election of John Paul II. In conclusion, all in all, accession has been a good choice for the new members, but to progress further stronger cooperation is needed. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/47373/PDF/WA51_64245_r2014-t87-no3_G-Polonica-Bellezza.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 3 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 3 EP - 440 KW - Human Development Index (HDI) KW - migration KW - Poland KW - Italy KW - European Union A1 - Bellezza, Giuliano PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 423 T1 - Poland and Eastern Europe in the European Union UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/47373 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42391/PDF/WA51_60168_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Grochowsk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 172 KW - metropolises KW - Paris KW - Warsaw KW - Berlin KW - development conditions KW - Europe A1 - Grochowski, Mirosław PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 169 T1 - Best Metropolises – Best development conditions in European metropolises: Paris, Berlin and Warsaw UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42391 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42390/PDF/WA51_60163_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Sleszyns3.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 160 KW - efficiency KW - effectiveness KW - spatial accessibility KW - transport network KW - settlement network KW - travel time KW - Google Map KW - Poland A1 - Śleszyński, Przemysław PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 157 T1 - Transport- and settlement-related time efficiency of road journeys taken in Poland UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42390 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42389/PDF/WA51_60160_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Sleszyns2.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 155 KW - bibliometry KW - citations KW - journals KW - Google Scholar KW - geographical publications KW - deveopment of geography in Poland KW - Geographia Polonica A1 - Śleszyński, Przemysław PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 143 T1 - 50 years of Geographia Polonica in the light of citations UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42389 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42388/PDF/WA51_60158_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Glosinska.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 142 KW - floodplains KW - flood protection KW - Flood Directive KW - spatial planning KW - water management KW - urbanisation effects KW - Poland A1 - Głosińska, Ewa PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 127 T1 - Spatial planning in floodplains for implementation by the Floods Directive in Poland UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42388 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42387/PDF/WA51_60156_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Nita.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 125 KW - landscape assessment KW - landscape aesthetic KW - scenic values KW - visibility map KW - motorway KW - Silesian voivodeship A1 - Nita, Jerzy A1 - Myga-Piątek, Urszula PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 113 T1 - Scenic values of the Katowice-Częstochowa section of National Road No. 1 UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42387 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42386/PDF/WA51_60155_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Pirog.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 111 KW - geographical studies KW - geography graduates KW - labour markets KW - professional career KW - workplaces KW - first job A1 - Piróg, Danuta PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 95 T1 - Destinations of geography graduates in the labour market in Poland and other countries UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42386 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42385/PDF/WA51_60152_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Szafransk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 93 KW - housing transformation KW - large housing estates KW - post-socialist city KW - Łódź A1 - Szafrańska, Ewa PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 77 T1 - Transformations of large housing estates in post-socialist city: The case of Łódź, Poland UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42385 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42384/PDF/WA51_60150_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Sleszyns1.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 75 KW - population density distribution KW - population density profile KW - population density model KW - urban population KW - Poland's cities A1 - Śleszyński, Przemysław PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 61 T1 - Distribution of population density in Polish towns and cities UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42384 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42383/PDF/WA51_60144_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Wisniewsk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 59 A1 - Wiśniewski, Rafał PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 47 T1 - The spatial and nationality aspects of depopulation in the European part of the Russian Federation UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42383 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42381/PDF/WA51_60143_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Barwinski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 45 KW - ethnic geography KW - national minorities KW - interstate relations KW - Polish minority KW - Lithuanian minority KW - Polish-Lithuanian relations A1 - Barwiński, Marek A1 - Leśniewska, Katarzyna PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 27 T1 - The contemporary situation of the Polish minority in Lithuania and the Lithuanian minority in Poland from the institutionalperspective UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42381 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/42380/PDF/WA51_60141_r2014-t87-no1_G-Polonica-Wieckowsk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 87 No. 1 (2014) PY - 2014 IS - 1 EP - 26 KW - road accessibility KW - road transport KW - time-based accessibility KW - tourist development KW - regional development KW - demand KW - isochrones KW - potential model KW - Carpathians KW - Polish-Slovak borderland A1 - Więckowski, Marek (1971– ) A1 - Michniak, Daniel A1 - Bednarek-Szczepańska, Maria (1980– ) A1 - Chrenka, Branislav A1 - Ira, Vladimír A1 - Komornicki, Tomasz A1 - Rosik, Piotr A1 - Stępniak, Marcin A1 - Székely, Vladimír A1 - Śleszyński, Przemysław A1 - Świątek, Dariusz (1975– ) A1 - Wiśniewski, Rafał PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 87 CY - Warszawa SP - 5 T1 - Road accessibility to tourist destinations of the Polish-Slovak borderland: 2010-2030 prediction and planning UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/42380 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/59193/PDF/WA51_78951_r2016-t88-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Kronika.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 2 EP - 290 KW - Geography PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 283 T1 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016), Kronika UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/59193 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - This article reviews selected indicative methods allowing for analysis of the concentration and dispersion of settlement. A further aim is to evaluate the utility of these measures in studying the spontaneous process of suburbanisation known as “urban sprawl”. Following the model of the “dispersed city”, as opposed to the “compact city”, it is assumed that urban sprawl is associated with scattering of development. It is therefore reasonable to assume that spatial concentration indicators will allow for the at least partial description of its physiognomy. Urban sprawl is described as a multi-dimensional spatial phenomenon related to metropolitan deconcentration. Three fundamental spatial forms are observed: lowdensity sprawl, ribbon sprawl and leapfrog sprawl. Thereafter, issues are described in relation to the nature of the spatial dispersion and diffusion, the influence of centripetal and centrifugal forces, and the occurrence of the modified areal unit problem (MAUP), in the analysis of urbanisation. The four different measures chosen for actual review were the Gini coefficient, the C index of B. Kostrubiec, the average nearest neighbour method (Clark-Evans index) and Shannon entropy. Each of the indicators is analysed, with account taken of its theoretical and mathematical underpinnings, the adopted understanding of the spatial concentration concept, the impact of the delimitation of basic units on the results of spatial analyses, and available methods by which results may be presented. The Gini coefficient, based on the Lorenz curve, and initially used in econometrics, determines the cumulated concentration of features within a smaller or larger number of spatial units. It measures the unevenness of spatial distribution, but does not consider the mutual location of the basic units. A further limitation of this indicator in studying urban sprawl is that it takes no account of the precise locations of the objects. The spatial concentration index C, as proposed by B. Kostrubiec, is a measure of the concentration or dispersion of a set of elements – on a scale between concentration at one point and a spread across the maximum distance (range) it is possible to achieve within the boundaries of a certain area. The indicator is rarely used, but is of clear applicability, given the way it allows additional statistical parameters based on marginal distributions to be calculated. The average nearest neighbour method (Clark-Evans index), as derived from ecology, is widely known and applied in urbanisation studies. It allows for observation of the attractive forces associated with the locating of buildings and other new developments. This indicator resembles the previous one in combining recognition of the level of dispersion and the randomness of a set of features. Shannon entropy is a probabilistic measure of “disorder” and – in geography – a measure of segregation, the spatial organisation of an area, or, most simply, the proportion of the share of a phenomenon in territorial units. Entropy defines fragmentation or the filling of terrain with settlement. It is often used in researching land use and land cover change. This article concludes with a table describing the main features of the four indicators. Methods of multidimensional analysis of urban sprawl are also highlighted. These are important because the morphology of sprawl cannot be defined solely by reference to the degree of spatial concentration, which is understood and defined in various ways. Other important spatial dimensions include density, continuity, clustering, centralisation or the mixed use of land. In the author’s view, the most comprehensive assessment of the phenomenon of sprawl will be made possible if several methods are selected, and parallel analyses carried out using them. In these circumstances, complementary information will be obtained as regards the concentration and dispersion of development in an area. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/59191/PDF/WA51_78941_r2016-t88-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Sudra.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 2 EP - 272 KW - concentration indices KW - spatial concentration KW - dispersion of settlement KW - urban sprawl KW - suburbanisation A1 - Sudra, Paweł PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 247 T1 - Zastosowanie wskaźników koncentracji przestrzennej w badaniu procesów urban sprawl* = Application of spatial concentration indicators in the studies of urban sprawl processes UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/59191 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/59190/PDF/WA51_78939_r2016-t88-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Eberhard.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 2 EP - 246 KW - Milan Hodža KW - federacionism KW - Central Europe A1 - Eberhardt, Piotr (1935–2020) PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 223 T1 - Koncepcje federacyjne Milana Hodžy = The federal concepts of Milan Hodža UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/59190 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/59188/PDF/WA51_78927_r2016-t88-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Wojcik.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 2 EP - 206 KW - urban region KW - core and periphery KW - functional structure KW - demographic transformations KW - directional profile method KW - economic base A1 - Wójcik, Marcin A1 - Tobiasz-Lis, Paulina PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 183 T1 - Funkcje gospodarcze regionu miejskiego Nowosybirska. Geneza i współczesne trendy rozwojowe = Economic functions of urban region of Novosibirsk. The genesis and contemporary development trends UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/59188 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/59187/PDF/WA51_78916_r2016-t88-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Zaborows.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 2 EP - 182 KW - country's territorial division KW - regions KW - voivodships KW - policentric development A1 - Zaborowski, Łukasz PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 159 T1 - Próba przebudowy układu województw z wykorzystaniem sieci ośrodków regionalnych = An attempt at restructuring Poland’s voivodship system on the basis of a network of regional centers UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/59187 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Poland is a peculiar example of country which had a very rich tradition of being one of Europe’s most multicultural societies, and at the same time most tolerant and open to “others”, notwithstanding a contemporary history characterised by a notable degree of national and religious homogeneity, as well as the aversion of a large part of society (and some political parties) to immigrants, especially those from beyond European culture. This is also visible in any attempt to outline contemporary geographical research in multiculturalism, as well as its presence in geographical education. The following general conclusions could be formulated on the basis of the analysis carried out: – The vast majority of research topics taken up concern relics of the former Polish multiculturalism – small and strongly integrated national, ethnic and religious minorities, cultural heritage attesting to the rich and proud history of Poland, and the presence of Polish culture and tradition in eastern borderland regions that lives on through centres of Polish minorities. Overall, it is what might be described as “sentimental multiculturalism” (internal, historical, traditional and indigenous); – The same relationship can be seen in school-level geographical education, which shows Polish multiculturalism through the lens of centuries-old, but currently scarce national and religious diversity, as well as the migration of Poles to the United Kingdom. At the same time, societies with different skin colours and non-Christian religions are located in far-away, exotic countries. – Despite the latest censuses showing a dynamic increase in numbers of the so-called regional minorities (especially Silesian and Kashubian) that dominate the contemporary ethnic structure of Poland, as well as their intensified social, cultural and political aspirations, there has been no proportionate upsurge of interest on the part of geographers; – Geographical research marginalises the issue of “immigrant multiculturalism” (external, modern and immigrant), despite this being an important research, journalistic, economic and political issue in the European Union for decades, and especially now. This perception of, and research on multiculturalism, in Polish geography is to a large extent understandable, in line with the historical and cultural importance of the so-called traditional minorities on the one hand, and – on the other – the lack of attractiveness of our country as a destination for settlement among economic migrants and refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. Despite all of that, Poland will ultimately not differ from Western Europe, in that it will not avoid a further increase in multiculturalism, given that no minority will either fully emigrate or fully integrate. Sooner or later, the influx of immigrants from nonEuropean cultures will increase, and the waves of legal and illegal immigration will not omit Poland. The substantive and mental preparation of Polish society for this “immigrant multiculturalism” – in a manner that is free of both populism and political correctness – represents a huge challenge for geographers, but also for sociologists, political scientists and historians. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/59186/PDF/WA51_78912_r2016-t88-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Barwinsk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 2 EP - 157 KW - multiculturalism KW - multiethnicity KW - cultural heritage KW - multicultural regions KW - ethnic structure KW - minorities KW - immigration A1 - Barwiński, Marek PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 137 T1 - Wielokulturowość we współczesnych polskich badaniach geograficznych i edukacji geograficznej – zarys problematyki = Multiculturalism in contemporary geographical studies and geographical education in Poland – an outline of the subject UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/59186 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/59185/PDF/WA51_78911_r2016-t88-z2_Przeg-Geogr-Spis.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 2 EP - 135 KW - Geography PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 135 T1 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 2 (2016), Spis treści UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/59185 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58671/PDF/WA51_78614_r2016-t88-z1_Przeg-Geogr-Kronika.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 131 KW - Geography PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 123 T1 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 1 (2016), Kronika UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58671 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The work described here examined contrasts in biothermal conditions relating to location within the Polish Baltic coastal zone. For the purposes of this study it was assumed that tourists at different towns might relocate from west to east in the following ways: Świnoujście–Ustka (Ś–U), Świnoujście–Gdańsk (Ś–G), Świnoujście–Hel (Ś–H), Ustka–Gdańsk (U–G), Ustka–Hel (U–H), Gdańsk–Hel (G–H). The basic data used to make comparisons were then hourly values for meteorological elements obtained from the relevant stations in the warm (April-September) half-years of the 2001-2010 period. Also for the purposes of this study, the variability characterising bioclimatic conditions was calculated by means of the bioclimatic contrast index – BCI, which offers an assessment of the adaptation stress in the circumstances of a sudden change in weather conditions or change of location. Such changes in external conditions induce stress in an organism and entail the activation of adaptation processes. The BCI index combines various bioclimatic indices, i.e. UTCI, SW, Iclp and PST, with values then being represented by the classes of contrast described as very small, small, moderate, high, very high and extremely high. Values assumed by the index are positive where warmer bioclimatic conditions characterise the home location in comparison with the chosen destination, or else negative where colder conditions are present at the home location than at the destination. The contrast to be noted between the stations studied was mostly (in 83% of cases) found to be very small. On average, the contrasts termed small were present in 14.4% of comparisons, with moderate on 2.4%, and high occasionally only. Contrasts capable of being defined as very high and extremely high were not found between the stations under analysis during the study period. However, it was demonstrated that relocations from Świnoujście to: Ustka, Gdańsk or Hel, or else from Gdańsk to Hel would tend to involved colder weather conditions, while relocations from Ustka to Gdańsk or further to Hel – would prevalently be associated with warming weather conditions. Over the 24-hour period, the most marked bioclimatic contrasts between the aforementioned pairs of stations were those noted at 12 noon and 3 p.m. The most limited contrasts in turn characterised night-time – from 9 p.m. to 3 a.m. The marked predominance of very small bioclimatic contrasts and the complete lack of very high and extremely high classes in the findings can be attributed to the confi nement of the area under analysis to a single (coastal) region. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58669/PDF/WA51_78609_r2016-t88-z1_Przeg-Geogr-Makosza.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 120 KW - bioclimate KW - coastal areas KW - BCI index KW - variation KW - bioclimatic stress A1 - Mąkosza, Agnieszka A1 - Nidzgorska-Lencewicz, Jadwiga PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 109 T1 - Kontrastowość warunków bioklimatycznych w strefie polskiego wybrzeża Bałtyku w ciepłej połowie roku = Contrasting bioclimatic conditions within the Polish Baltic coastal zone in the warm half-year UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58669 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - This paper provides an assessment of the spatial diversity of biometeorological conditions in Toruń and its suburban area in 2012. The study makes use of meteorological data sourced from 10 automatic weather stations set up at locations differing in terms of land cover and use. The analysis was based on data of hourly resolution comprising the following meteorological elements: air temperature (°C), global solar radiation (W·m–2), relative humidity of the air (%) and wind speed (m·s–1). These elements provided a basis for the calculation of the following biometeorological indices: the universal thermal climate index (the UTCI), physiological subjective temperature (PST), the predicted insulation of clothing (Iclp) and physiological strain (PhS). The greatest differences in biometeorological conditions were found between the centre of Toruń (LO1, situated in the Medieval Old Town) and the suburban area (KON, situated in an agricultural area of Koniczynka). Over the annual course, the greatest differences between the two sites (LO1 and KON) characterised January, in respect of the UTCI (13.6°C), PST (4.7°C) and PhS (–1.3), or else January and February, as regards Iclp (–0.4 clo) at moderate physical activity. The most favourable biothermal conditions are characteristic of the city centre (LO1). For example, where the UTCI is concerned, no heat stress is found to occur through half the year (45%). Similar conditions (UTCI = 42%) were observed at sites where urban green space is a vital factor in the development of biometeorological conditions (BAR, ZOO and RMA). Green space modifies the sky view factor markedly, though first and foremost influencing values recorded for meteorological elements (e.g. by reducing wind speed). Occasionally, unfavourable conditions may occur in the central part of the city in the summer, especially when physical activity is vigorous. On cloudless or sparsely cloudy days, in the daytime or at night, the highest values of the UTCI, for example, were recorded in the street canyon of the Old Town courtyard (LO1). During the day the UTCI exceeded 38°C there (”very strong heat stress”). The most unfavourable conditions in turn characterised the suburban site of KON, where, according to the UTCI, for example, moderate to strong cold stress was observed on 42% of the days in a year. Such conditions differ from the other sites analysed in necessitating clothing with better thermal insulation properties, especially in the winter. During the year as a whole, heat stresses for the human body were most disparate in terms of their diurnal course in residential areas (single-family houses/blocks of flats) with a substantial share of green space (ZOO and RMA). For the residents of Toruń and tourists alike, two-thirds of the year (mainly the warm season) looks favourable from the point of view of heat stress. Conditions prevailing then did not cause excessive stress for the body (“moderate cold stress” or “no thermal stress”). Therefore, regular summer clothing or transitional season clothing is recommended for most of the year in Toruń. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58668/PDF/WA51_78606_r2016-t88-z1_Przeg-Geogr-Arazny.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 108 KW - urban bioclimate KW - man's organism KW - biometeorological indicators KW - Toruń KW - Koniczynka A1 - Araźny, Andrzej A1 - Uscka-Kowalkowska, Joanna A1 - Kejna, Marek A1 - Przybylak, Rajmund A1 - Kunz, Mieczysław PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 87 T1 - Zróżnicowanie warunków biometeorologicznych w Toruniu i jego strefie podmiejskiej w 2012 r. = Diversity of biometeorological conditions in Toruń and its suburban area in 2012 UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58668 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The work detailed in this article aimed to determining the multi-annual and spatial variability characterising start and end dates of growing seasons in Poland, as well as their durations. The study used data concerning monthly air temperature from the period 1971-2010, which were obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB). A growing season was defined as a period of mean daily air temperature 5°C. To determine the start and end dates of the above-mentioned period, use was made of the mathematical formulae proposed by R. Gumiński (1948). Over the analysed multiannual period, first days of growing seasons were seen to occur ever earlier, while last days have been occurring later and later. The most marked changes of start date were found to characterise Łeba (4.7 days/10 years) and Suwałki (4 days/10 years). However, at 5 of the 15 stations, the changes noted achieved statistical signifi cance. The most considerable postponements of the end of the growing season were in turn those found for Łeba (3.8 days/10 years) and Rzeszów (3.6 days/10 years). At as many as 8 of the 15 stations, the prolongations proved to be significant statistically. Average durations of growing seasons varied across the range from 200 days in Suwałki to 237 days in Wrocław. However, at most (11 out of 15) of the stations, there was a statistically significant increase in the duration of the growing season (of from 3.9 to 8.5 days). However, the change was seen to be more due to prolongation at the end of the growing season than to a changed start date. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58667/PDF/WA51_78605_r2016-t88-z1_Przeg-Geogr-Tomczyk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 86 KW - start of growing season KW - end of growing season KW - duration of growing season KW - Poland A1 - Tomczyk, Arkadiusz Marek A1 - Szyga-Pluta, Katarzyna PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 75 T1 - Okres wegetacyjny w Polsce w latach 1971-2010 = Growing seasons in Poland in the period 1971-2010 UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58667 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The work described here has concerned the assessment and analysis of summation curves and variability to half-outflow terms (TPOj ), as calculated for 14 river basins in central Poland. Given the regimes of particular rivers, their characteristic flows and geographical determinants of their outflows, the selected group of river basins proves very suitable for an investigation regarding the type and amount of hydrological information provided with analyzed characteristics. Specifically, the research was concerned with series of daily discharges from the second half of the 20th century. Relative mass diagram curves for daily mean outflows were generated for the particular basins, as was a regional summation curve. A relationship between the shapes and numbers of inflection points and river regime was identified, while it proved possible to represent the curve for the outflow in Central Poland using a degree-4 polynomial. This curve has one significant inflection point near the 170th day of the year (20 April), and the second, less visible in the 280th day of the year (6 August). The rivers studied can thus be assumed to have a nival regime, though transforming locally into a notfully-formed nivo-pluvial regime (in the case of upland rivers). In the middle of the hydrological year (near 1st May), about 60% of water resources are discharged from the Central Poland Basin, though there are some significant differences between basins. For the upland basins and the area of the Łódź Elevation region it is less than 60%, while for the Wielkopolska Lowland basins – much more than 60%. The half-outflow terms for particular basins and individual years were calculated using the method suggested in the work of A. Bartnik and P. Jokiel (2005). The TPOj distribution, mean values, multiannual variability and the spatial dimension were all investigated, and extreme values analyzed using quantiles. Both the spatial dimension to the TPOj and its multiannual variability show certain regularities. The multiannual means for the TPOśr in Central Poland are rather differentiated and are of lengths over one month. The earliest term (12th March) was recorded for the River Ołobok and the latest (17th April) for the Pilica. Some kind of TPOśr spatial dimension order is also to be observed, and is attributable to the fact that rivers draining the lowlands (and thus in the western and north-eastern parts of the area) have their TPOśr earlier than those flowing in the uplands of the eastern and south-eastern parts. Overall, the second half of the 20th century can be said to have displayed a seasonality to river outflow characterized by weather-influenced fluctuations, with no more constant multiannual trend identified. In the light of the results of the analyses carried out, the half-outflow term can serve as a simple measure by which climatic or anthropogenic changes in the seasonal structure of outflow can be indicated. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58666/PDF/WA51_78604_r2016-t88-z1_Przeg-Geogr-Jokiel.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 74 KW - river outflow KW - mass diagram curve KW - half-outflow term KW - Central Poland A1 - Jokiel, Paweł PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 53 T1 - Sezonowa struktura odpływu rzecznego w środkowej Polsce i jej zmiany w wieloleciu w świetle krzywych sumowych i terminów połowy odpływu = Seasonality to river outflow in Central Poland and its variability over a multiannual period revealed by mass diagram curves and half-outflow terms UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58666 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The article reports the results of fieldwork carried out on the peak of Babia Gora to verify a hypothesis regarding the existence of permafrost at this location. The climate and geomorphological evolution of this area suggest that both past and current frost processes play an important role here. Furthermore, not far from this massif – in the Tatra Mts – permafrost was detected at an altitude of ca. 2000 m a.s.l., in an area where mean annual air temperature (MAAT) drops to minus 0.8°C. The MAAT at the summit of Babia Gora is likewise below 0°C. Given that long-term freezing of the massif in the glacial period reached down to considerable depths, the climatic evolution of the massif indicates that permafrost could have lasted through to the present time. In the study area three resistivity profiles were made using the resistivity imaging method. Two of these were 300 m long and one 400 m. The depth of interpretation extends to approx. 90 m below the ground surface in the last case. While the results of the geophysical surveys do not confirm the presence of permafrost in the study area unambiguously, its presence may not be precluded in certain places in the shallow subsurface layer. The permafrost originating in older geological periods and located at greater depth was probably exposed to relatively rapid degradation, given the geological structure of Babia Góra allowing for deep water drainage. Resistivity models shows the geological structure of the research area close to the summit of Babia Góra, but do not resolve the issue of the existence of modern or fossil permafrost. The temperature of the water in springs located close to the summit is almost constant, though, and does not exceed 1°C. This shows that water circulation is a relatively deep one, and the temperature within the massif cannot therefore be higher than this. The existence of permafrost is not therefore precluded, and this might be possible in the form of the cryotic state. The measurements made present only the first approach to the hypothesis regarding the possible existence of permafrost on Babia Góra, and further research applying other, complementary methods may still change views on this subject. L1 - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/58665/PDF/WA51_78602_r2016-t88-z1_Przeg-Geogr-Dobinski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 88 z. 1 (2016) PY - 2016 IS - 1 EP - 51 KW - permafrost KW - Babia Góra Mountain KW - electroresistivity imaging A1 - Dobiński, Wojciech A1 - Glazer, Michał A1 - Bieta, Barbara A1 - Mendecki, Maciej J. PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 88 CY - Warszawa SP - 31 T1 - Poszukiwanie wieloletniej zmarzliny i budowa geologiczna Babiej Góry w świetle wyników obrazowania elektrooporowego = Permafrost prospecting and geological structure of Mt. Babia Góra in the light of the electroresistivity imaging method UR - http://www.rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/58665 ER -